CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 893 and 894 of 1964. Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated the August 22, 1961 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Misc. Civil Case No. 304 of 1960. A.V. Viswanatha Sastri, N. D. Karkhanis, B. R. G. K. Achar and R.N. Sachthey, for the appellant. S.T. Desai, Mahinder Narain, Rameshwar Nath, S. N. Andley and P.L. Vohra, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Sikri, J. These appeals by special leave are directed against the judgment of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in a reference made to it by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, under S. 66(1) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1929, hereinafter referred to as the Act. The Tribunal referred the following question to the High Court :
"Whether, on the facts of the case and having
regard to the provisions of paragraph 2 of the
Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of
Difficulties) Order, 1949, and clause 8 of the
Agreement made on 20th September, 1938,
between the assessee and the State of Bhopal,
the correct basis for computing the written
down value of the depreciable assets as at 1-
11-1948 is the one which is adopted by the
Income Tax Officer or the one adopted by the
Appellate Assistant Commissioner?" The relevant facts are these. The respondent, M/s Straw Products Ltd., Bhopal, hereinafter called the assessee, is a public limited company. It was incorporated in the erstwhile State of Bhopal in 1939 and was given the certificate of commencement of business on May 30, 1939. On September 20, 1938, the assessee entered into an agreement with the Government of Bhopal. Under the agreement the assessee obtained certain concessions and facilities. The assessee not only got exclusive licence to manufacture cardboard articles of all kinds but also got land on lease on favourable terms. It was also exempted from payment of customs and other duties payable to the municipality. Clause 8 of the agreement is relevant for the purpose of these appeals and is in the following terms:
"8. Subject to and so far as the State shall
not become or become obliged by any Instrument
of Accession or Supplementary Instrument under
the Government of India Act, 1935, in respect
of any Federal Taxation, it is hereby agreed
as follows:-
(a)During the period of I 0 years from the
date on which the said Company takes over the
land for its business purposes the said
Company shall not be liable to pay any sum by
way of taxation to the State. It is common ground that this agreement was acted upon and for a period of 10 years the assessee was not called upon to submit any returns of income and no assessment was made on the assessee under the Bhopal Income Tax Act. This period of ten years expired on October 31, 1948. On August 1, 1949, Bhopal merged in India and was formed into a Chief Commissioner’s Province. For the assessment year 1949-50, the assessee was assessed under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, on the total income of the period November 1, 1948 to December 12, 1948, as the assessee made up its accounts on the 31st December each year. For the assessment years 1952-53 and 1953-54, the assessment years which are the subject matter of this reference (previous years Calendar years 1951 and 1952, respectively), the Income Tax Officer, by orders dated November 27, 1952 and September 30, 1953, allowed depreciation on the machinery, buildings and other assets owned by the assessee on the basis of the original cost, i.e., the cost paid in 1939. Subsequently noticing a report in the Times of India, dated March 15, 1957, giving the view taken by the Bombay High Court in the case of Dhrangadhara Chemical Works Limited(1), the Income Tax Officer initiated action under S. 34(1) of the Act in respect of these two assessment years. In the Dhrangadhara Chemical Works(1) case the Bombay High Court had held that the written down value on the opening day of the account period for which assessment is to be made under the Indian Income Tax Act should be taken at the actual cost, less the depreciation which could have been claimed under the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. After hearing the assessees objections, the Income Tax Officer by his order dated March 4, 1958, held that "the written down value of the assets of the company will have to be redetermined as on 1-1-1951. This would be done by first determining the written down value of assets as on 1-11-1948 under the Bhopal Income Tax Act. From the written down values so ascertained, all depreciation actually allowed till 31-12-1950 would be deducted. The net figures thus arrived at would show the written down value of the assets in the beginning of the assessment year 1952-53." Consequently, the depreciation of Rs. 2,71,961 allowed in the original assessment for 1952-53 was reduced to Rs. 1,29,883 and for the assessment year 1953-54 the original depreciation allowance of Rs. 2,87,285 was reduced to Rs. 1,72,673. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner, disagreeing with the Income Tax Officer, held on appeal that the assessee had not been allowed excess depreciation allowance as per the original assessment and there was no basis for initiating proceedings under s. 34. He was of the view. that the expression "actually allowed" could (1) Income Tax Reference No. 60 of 1956; judgement dated February 14, 1957. not imply depreciation allowed by a mental phenomenon. The Appellate Tribunal upheld the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and directed the computation of the allowance on that basis. On a reference the High Court by its judgment dated August 22, 1961, answered the question as follows :
"In the circumstances of this case the correct
basis for computing written down value of
depreciable assets of the company is the one
adopted by the Appellate Assistant
Commissioner." On August 20, 1962, in exercise of the powers conferred by s. 6 of the Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States and Amendment) Act, 1949 (LXVII of 1949) the Central Government made the following order to amend the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949. The order was called the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) (Amendment) Order, 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the 1962 Order). The relevant part of part 2 is in the following terms : .lm15 " 2. In the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, after the proviso to paragraph 2, the following Explanation shall be inserted, namely: the "Explanation.-For the purpose of this paragraph, expression ’all depreciation actually allowed tinder any laws or rules of a Merged State’ means and shall be deemed always to have meant(a)........ (b)in cases where income had been exempted from tax under any laws or rules in force in a Merged State or under any agreement with a Ruler, the depreciation that would have been allowed had the income not been so exempted." Paragraph 2 of the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, reads as follows :
"2. Computation of aggregate depreciation
allowance and the written-down value.-
In making any assessment under the Indian
Incometax Act, 1922, all depreciation actually
allowed under any laws or rules of a merged
State relating to incometax and super-tax,
shall be taken into account in computing the
aggregate depreciation allowance referred to
in sub-clause (c) of the proviso to clause
(vi) of subsection (2), and the written-down
value under clause (b) of sub-section (5) of
section 10 of the said Act
Provided that where in respect of any asset,
depreciation has been allowed for any year
both in the assessment made in the merged
State and in British India, the greater of the
two sums allowed shall only be taken into
account." This order was made in exercise of the powers conferred by :S. 8 of Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States) Ordinance, 1949 (XXI of 1949). The Ordinance, which applied to Bhopal, by S. 3(1) extended inter alia the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, and all rules and orders made thereunder to all the merged States, and by S. 3 (2) the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 and the rules and orders made thereunder were extended and brought in force in all the merged States on April 1, 1949. Section 8 of the Ordinance provided as follows :
"If any difficulty arises in giving effect to
the provisions of this Ordinance, the Central
Government may by order make such provisions,
or give such directions, as appear to it to be
necessary for removal of the difficulty." The Taxation Laws Amendment (Second) Ordinance, 1949 (No. XXXIII of 1949) inter alia made various amendments in the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. These Ordinances were replaced by the Taxation Laws (Extension to Merged States and Amendment) Act, 1949 (LXVII of 1949). Section 3 of this Act is similar to s. 3 of the First Ordinance. Section 6, which took the place of S. 8 of the First Ordinance, reads as follows:
"If any difficulty arises in giving effect to
the provisions of any Act, rule or order
extended by section 3 to the merged States,
the Central Government may, by order, make
such provision or give such directions as
appear to it to be necessary for removal of
the difficulty." Section 34 repealed Ordinance XXI of 1949 and Ordinance XXXIII of 1949, but by sub-s (2) inter alia provides as follows
" ... anything done or any action taken in the
exercise of any power conferred by any of the
Ordinances referred to in this section shall
for all purposes be deemed to have been done
or taken in the exercise of
the powers conferred by this Act as if this
Act were in force on the day on which such
thing was done or action was taken." Mr. A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, the learned counsel for the Revenue, urges before us that the High Court was wrong in answering the question in favour of the assessee. He urges that the expression "actually allowed under any laws or rules of a merged State" occurring in para 2 of the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, meant allowable under the provisions of the said laws or rules. He says that if the income of an assessee is exempted from taxation for a certain number of years, the assessee must be deemed to have claimed depreciation and deemed to have been allowed depreciation according to the provisions of the said laws or rules. He further says it does not matter whether the assessee made a claim or not because it is fair that when the Indian Income Tax Act is applied the assessee should be brought at par with the assessees who had suffered taxation under the Act. We are unable to give such an artificial meaning to the expression "all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules", and we agree with the High Court that the expression "actually allowed" is unambiguous and connotes the idea that the allowance was actually given effect to. If it was intended to include any allowances which are not actually allowed then the Central Government would have added a deeming provision as the Legislature did in the Explanation to s. 10(5) of the Act. In the alternative, he relies on the 1962 Order set out above. He says that the order has explained the expression "actually allowed" to mean the depreciation that would have been allowed had the income not been exempted under an agreement with a Ruler. He further says that this order is retrospective because it expressly says that the expression "all depreciation actually allowed under any laws or rules of a merged State shall be deemed always to have meant." Mr. Desai, the learned counsel for the respondent, objects to this order being relied on by Mr. Sastri on various grounds. He further says that on a true interpretation of the order it does not apply to the case of the assessee. The question then arises whether we are entitled to take into consideration the 1962 order. The learned counsel had cited various cases and has argued that this being an Appeal by special leave from a reference, we should not take the order into consideration. It is unnecessary to refer to the cases because the point is concluded by a judgment of this 8Sup C 1166-10 Court in Commissioner of Sales Tax, U.P. v. Bijli Cotton Mills, Hathras(1). Shah, J., speaking for the Court observed as follows:
"Undoubtedly the Tribunal called upon to
decide a taxing dispute must apply the
relevant law applicable to a particular
transaction to which the problem relates, and
that law normally is the law applicable as on
the date on which the transaction in dispute
has taken place. If the law which the
Tribunal seeks to apply to the dispute is
amended, so as to make the law applicable to
the transaction in dispute, it would be bound
to decide the question in the light of the law
so amended. Similarly, when the question has
been referred to the High Court and in the
meanwhile the law has been amended with
retrospective operation, it would be the duty
of the High Court to apply the law so amended
if it applies. By taking notice of the law
which has been substituted for the original
provision, the High Court is giving effect to
legislative intent and does no more than what
must be deemed to be necessarily implicit in
the question referred by the Tribunal,
provided the question is couched in terms of
sufficient amplitude to cover an enquiry into
the question in the light of the amended law,
and the enquiry does not necessitate
investigation of fresh facts. If the question
is not so couched as to invite the High Court
to decide the question in the light, of the
law as amended or if it necessitates
investigation of facts which have not been
investigated, the High Court may refuse to
answer the question. Application of the
relevant law to a problem raised by the
reference before the High Court is not
normally excluded merely because at the date
when the Tribunal decided the question the
relevant law was not or could not be brought
to its notice." Therefore, following this judgment, we must hold that Mr. Sastri is entitled to rely on the 1962 order and it is our duty to answer the reference in accordance with the amendment made by the order, unless the question referred is not couched in terms of ,sufficient amplitude to cover an enquiry into the question in the light of the amended law. Mr. Desai then raises two questions in respect of the order. First he says that it is the first time that the order is being relied on in these proceedings and he is entitled to urge before us that (1) [1964]7 S.C.R. 383. A.I.R. 1964 S.C. 1594. the order is bad. He has given a number of reasons in support of his plea that the order is ultra vires, but in view of the decision of this Court in K. S. Venkataraman v. State of Madras(1), we refused to allow him to develop these objections. We may mention that he seeks to distinguish Venkataraman’s(1) case on the ground that the Supreme Court and the High Court are not creatures of the order which he was impugning. He further says that the Appellate Tribunal would also have been entitled to go into the question of the validity because the order is not part of the Income Tax Act, and it is not the creature of the order in the sense mentioned in Venkataraman’s(1) case. We are not able to sustain the distinction sought to be made by Mr. Desai. The order is in effect an amendment of the Indian Income Tax Act insofar as it is applicable to the merged States. If it had not been for the order, only the provisions of s. 10(5) of the Act would have been applied for the purpose of working out depreciation. Now, in view of the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, as explained by the 1962 order, a different rule has been directed to be applied and the Income Tax Officer is bound to follow this statutory direction. We are unable to see how the judgment in Venkataraman’s case does not apply. Mr. Desai then contends that the 1962 order did not apply to this case because income of the assessee had not been exempted under the agreement with the ruler. He says that the words "exempted from tax" in the 1962 order mean that the assessee must have been liable to pay tax and then exemption granted. He points to the definition of the word "assessee" in the Bhopal Income Tax Act, 1936 (VIII of 1936), which has been defined as "a person by whom income tax is payable." Then he refers to the charging section the relevant part of which reads as follows :
"3. Whereby a notification in the jarida the
Government declares that income-tax shall be
charged for any year at any rate or rates
applicable to the total income of an assessee,
tax .... " He says that the respondent was not an assessee because under the agreement no income tax was payable by it and for this reason no notice or assessment had been made under the Bhopal Income Tax Act. We are unable to sustain this contention. The definition of ’assessee’ must mean a person by whom income tax is payable under the Bhopal Act. If it had not been for the agree(1) [1966] 2 S.C.R. 229. ment, the respondent would have been liable to pay tax and it is the agreement alone which exempted it from taxation. Mr. Desai then contends that the 1962 order is not retrospective and does not apply to assessments made before the order came into force. We see no force in this contention because the terms of the order are plain and if it is deemed, as directed by the order, that the expression "actually allowed under any laws or rules of a merged State" should have the meaning ascribed to it by the Explanation, as from December 3, 1949, when the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, came into force, the Explanation must apply to the assessments for the year 1952-53 and 1953-54. Lastly, Mr. Desai contends that the question referred to the High Court in this case is not couched in terms of sufficient amplitude to cover the points he has tried to make, namely, whether the order dated August 22, 1962, is retrospective and whether the assessee is covered by the terms of cl. (b) of the Explanation. Looking at the question it seems to us that the substance of the question which was referred was whether the view held by the Income Tax Officer or the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was right, and the words "having regard to" occurring in the question did not have the effect of restricting the laws that could be considered for answering the question. It may also be said that when paragraph 2 of the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949, is referred to, it would include paragraph 2 as amended retrospectively. We must, therefore, overrule Mr. Desai’s objection and hold that the question framed by the Appellate Tribunal is wide enough to include a discussion of the amendments made retrospectively in the Taxation Laws (Merged States) (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 1949. In conclusion, applying the 1962 order to the facts of this ,case it is clear that the answer to the question referred must be that the correct basis for computing the written down value of the depreciable assets as on November 1, 1948, is the one which was adopted by the Income Tax Officer. In the result, the appeals are accepted, the judgment of the High Court set aside and the question answered as indicated above. In the circumstances of the ,case the parties will bear their own costs. Appeals allowed.