CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 168 of 1966. Appeal from the judgment -and decree dated December 22, 1960 of the Calcutta High Court in Appeal from Appellate Decree No. 701 of 1956. B. Sen, P. K. Chatterjee and P. K. Chakravarti, for the appellants. N. C. Chatterjee and D. N. Mukherjee, for respondent No. 1. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Hegde J. Two important questions of law arise for decisionin this appeal, by certificate. It will be convenient to formulate those questions after we set out the material facts. One Aswini Kumar Chatterjee (since deceased) executed the Trust deed Exh. 1 on December 6, 1930 in respect of some of the properties owned by him. It is provided therein (a) that the settlor would be the trustee of the Trust Estate and would enjoy the income and profits of the trust properties during his lifetime, (b) after his death his wife Sm. Santimoyee Devee and/or his sons as soon as they or any of them attain the age of majority should be the sole Trustee or Joint Trustees and (c) from and after his death the said Trust Estate should be held to the use and for the benefit of the said Sm. Santimoyee Devee and the said sons. Santimoyee Devee to be paid from the income and the profits of the said estate Rs. 50 monthly and the balance of the income and profits of the Trust Estate to be held for the use and benefit of each of the sons in equal shares and after the death ’of the said Santimoyee Devee to make over the whole of the Trust Estate to each of the sons in equal shares. He reserved to himself the Power to vary the terms and conditions of the Trust so far as they relate to the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries after the death of the settlor "by his instrument by will alone and in no other way or act". The settlor administered the trust property for sometime and thereafter thought of effecting by deed inter vivos certain changes in the trust. To enable him to do so he took out an originating summons on the original side of the Calcutta High Court under Chapter XIII of the Original Side Rules of that Court seeking primarily two reliefs viz., (1) to have the Official Trustee, Bengal appointed as the Trustee in his place and (2) to empower him to alter the clause relating to variation of the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries by a deed inter vivos. From the averments made in the application, it is clear that relief was sought under the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act (Central Act 2 of 1882) and the Official Trustees Act (Central Act 2 of 1913). In the body of the petition the settlor definitely prayed for permission to revoke the clause in the trust deed relating to his power to vary the quantum of interest of the beneficiaries by will alone and in, its place authorise him to make that variation "by deed inter vivos and not by will alone". The relevant reliefs asked for in the petition read as follows
(1) "that the provisions contained in the
Deed of settlement dated the 6th December 1930
whereby the persons therein named were
appointed Trustees of the said Trust Estate
and whereby power was reserved to petitioner
to alter the said quantum of interest by will
alone and in no other way be revoked
and . . . .
(2) that the petitioner be empowered to
alter the said quantum of interest in such
manner as he may think proper, by deed inter
vivos and not by will alone." The aforementioned originating summons was taken out on August 20, 1937. The matter came up for hearing before Ramfry J. evidently after service of notices on the respondents on August 25, 1937. On that date the learned Judge passed the following order :
"It is ordered that the provisions contained
in the said Deed of Trust whereby the persons
therein named were appointed Trustees of the
said Trust Estate and whereby power was
reserved to the said applicant to alter the
quantum of interest of the beneficiaries by
,will and in no other way be and they are
hereby
revoked and it is further ordered that the
said applicant as such settlor as aforesaid be
at liberty to alter the said quantum of
interest in such manner as he may think proper
by deed inter vivos and not by will and it is
further ordered that the said applicant the
present sole trustee under the said Deed of
Trust be and is hereby discharged from further
acting as such Trustee and the Official
Trustee of Bengal be and is hereby appointed
the sole trustee of the said Deed of Trust.
And it is further ordered that the stocks and
shares and securities (both movable and
immovable) now comprised in the Trust
Estate... do vest in the said Official Trustee
of Bengal as such Trustee as aforesaid." At this stage it is necessary to emphasize that what the settlor asked for was the court’s permission to revoke the clause in the Trust deed empowering him to alter the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries "by will alone" and in its place to confer upon him power to make the said alteration by deed inter vivos. The court in specific terms ordered the revocation and granted the authority sought for. Acting under the power purported to have been given by the order of Ramfry J., the settlor executed a second Trust deed on March 22, 1938. Under that deed, in the- place of the Trustees nominated under the original deed, the Official Trustee was constituted as the sole trustee. Sachindra, (the first respondent herein) one of the sons of the settlor was deprived of all his interest as a beneficiary in the corpus of the trust properties. He was given a meagre allowance of Rs. 20 per month during his life-time. The settlor died in 1946. On December 18, 1950, the first respondent filed the suit out of which this appeal has arisen praying for following declarations : (a) that the power reserved by the settlor in the original Trust deed for altering the quantum of interest of the beneficiaries ’by will alone and by no other means was irrevocable; (b) that the order passed by Ramfry, J. on August 25, 1937 was null and void as having been made without jurisdiction; and (c) the original Trust deed stood unaffected by the second Trust deed and therefore he was entitled to the benefits provided under the said deed. He also asked for a decree directing the Official Trustee to pay him 1/4th of the income of the Trust Estate, so long as Santimoyee Devee was alive and on her death to make over one-fourth of the corpus of the Trust Estate to him and further render accounts to him of the profits of the Trust Estate since the time of the death of the settlor. The Official Trustee as well as some of the other defendants resisted the suit. They contended that the settlor was entitled to execute the second Trust deed in exercise of the power reserved by him under the original Trust deed and in any event he could do so, because of the order of Ramfry, J. The trial court decreed the suit as prayed for but the first Appellate Court reversed the decree of the trial court and dismissed the suit upholding the contentions advanced on behalf of the contesting defendants. In second appeal the High Court reversed the decree of the first Appellate Court and restored the decree of the trial court. Two questions that -arise for decision in the appeal are (1) whether the settlor was entitled to execute the second Trust deed in pursuance of the power reserved by him under the original Trust deed and (2) whether in any event the validity of the second Trust deed is not open to challenge in view of the order made by Ramfry, J. on August 25, 1937. Mr. B. Sen, learned Counsel for the appellant contended that on a proper reading of the Trust deed it would be seen that the settlor had reserved to himself the power to vary the terms of the Trust, in so far as they relate to the quantum, of interest given to each of the beneficiaries after the death of the settlor. According to him the recital in the deed that such a variation can be done only by an instrument of will and not otherwise is not a " matter of substance but only a form. Therefore we must hold that the settlor had the power to make the variation in question. He did not dispute the proposition that a settlor is incompetent to vary any of the terms of a Trust settled by him unless he had reserved for himself the power to make the variation in question. The real question for decision is whether the stipulation in the Trust deed that the variation in question can only be made by will and not otherwise is binding condition. If it is held to be a material condition then the settlor must be held to have had no power to vary the same. The law on the point is stated by Halsbury (1) thus
Defects not of the essence. Equity relieves
only against defects which are not of the
essence of the power; relief will not be
granted so as to defeat anything material to
the intention of the donor of the power. Thus
mere defects in the mode of execution will be
aided, and so will an appointment by will
made, under a power to appoint only by deed.
But no aid will be given to an appointment by
irrevocable deed made under a power to appoint
only by will or to an
3rd Edn. Vol. 30 p. 272 Paragraph, 518.
appointment which would result in -a fraud on
the power or aid a breach of trust. Moreover,
no aid will be given to the exercise by will
of a power of revocation by deed if it is
clear that a deed is of the essence, as where
the original power of appointment was by will
or deed and on its exercise a power to revoke
by deed only was reserved. Nor will the court
aid a lease containing unusual covenants
granted under a power to lease with usual
covenants, or a lease granted without consent
under a power to lease with consent, or a sale
of land reserving timber made under a power
not authorising such a reservation, or a sale
of land reserving the minerals under a power
not authorising such a reservation." IV Similar are the views expressed in Hanbury’s book on Modern Equity (7th Edn. p. 56). Referring to the decision in Tollet v.Tollet(1) the learned author observes
"The case brings out another important point.
The power was exercised by will, whereas it
should have been exercised by deed. Now a
Will is revocable at any time during the
testator’s life time, and so the defect is
treated as one of ,form only, and relief will
be granted. But the defect constituted by the
converse process, the attempted exer cise by
irrevocable deed of a power which should have
been exercised by will is treated as a matter
of substance, and, in Reid v. Shergold(2) as
fatal to the objects of the power."
The law is similarly stated in Molineux v.
Evered(3‘). From the above discussion it also follows that the settlor had no power to appoint new trustees during his life time nor designate persons other than those already designated in the original Trust deed to act as trustees after his life time. Considerable arguments were advanced before us as to the effect of the order made by Ramfry, J. on August 25, 1937. On behalf of the appellant it was urged that Ramfry, J. had jurisdiction over the parties to the application in question as well as on the subject matter. Hence the validity of the order made by him cannot ’be challenged even if it is held that that order is -not in accordance with law. To put it differently it was urged -that what could be complained of is not the lack of jurisdiction on the part of the court to make the order in question but an illegal exercise of that jurisdiction; but such an attack cannot -be made against that order in a collateral proceedings. On the ,other hand it was urged by Mr. N. C. Chatterjee, learned (1) (1728) 24 E. R. 828. (2) [1805] 10, Ves. 370. (3) [1910] 2 Ch. 147. Counsel for the respondents that Ramfry, J. had no jurisdiction to pass the order in question. His grievance was not that Ramfry, J. exercised his undoubted jurisdiction illegally but that he had no jurisdiction at all to make the order in question. It is plain that if the learned judge had no jurisdiction to pass the order in question then the order is null and void. It is equally plain that if he had jurisdiction to pronounce on the plea put forward before him the fact that he made an incorrect order or even an illegal order cannot affect its validity. Therefore all that we have to see is whether Ramfry, J. had jurisdiction to entertain the application made by the settlor. What is meant by jurisdiction? This question is answered by Mukherjee, Acting C. J. speaking for the Full Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Hirday Nath Roy v. Ramachandra Barna Sarma.(1) At page 146 of the report the learned judge explained what exactly is meant by jurisdiction. We can do no better than to quote his words :
A " In the order of Reference to a
Full Bench in the case of Sukhlal v. Tara
Chand(2) it was stated that jurisdiction may
be defined to be the power of a Court to hear
and determine a cause, to adjudicate and
exercise any judicial power in relation to it
: in other words, by jurisdiction is meant the
authority which a Court has to decide matters
that are litigated before it or to take
cognizance of matters presented in a formal
way for its decision. An examination of the
cases in the books discloses numerous attempts
to define the term ’jurisdiction’, which has
been stated to be ’the power to hear and
determine issues of law and fact’,
’the authority by which the judicial officer
take cognizance of and ’decide causes’; ’the
authority to hear and decide a legal
controversy’, ’the power to hear and
determine the subject matter in controversy
between parties to a suit and to adjudicate or
exercise any judicial power over them;’ ’the
power to hear, determine and pronounce
judgment on the issues before the Court’; ’the
power or authority which is conferred upon a
Court by the Legislature to hear and determine
causes between parties and to carry the
judgments into effect’; ’the power to enquire
into the facts, to apply the law, to pronounce
the judgment and to carry it into execution’.
(emphasis supplied). (1) I.L.R. LXVIII Cal. 138. (2) [1905] I.L.R. 33 Cal. 68. Proceeding further the learned judge observed
"This jurisdiction of the Court may be
qualified or restricted by -a variety of
circumstances. Thus, the jurisdiction may
have to be considered with reference to place,
value and nature of the subject matter. The
power of a tribunal may be exercised within
defined territorial limits. Its cognizance
may be restricted to subject-matters of
prescribed value. It may be competent to deal
with controversies of a specified character,
for instance, testamentary or matrimonial
causes, acquisition of lands for public
purposes, record of rights as between
landlords and tenants. This jurisdiction and
jurisdiction of the subject matter is
obviously of a fundamental character. Given
such jurisdiction, we must be careful to
distinguish exercise of jurisdiction from
existence of jurisdiction : for fundamentally
different are the consequences of failure to
comply with statutory requirements in the
assumption and in the exercise of
jurisdiction. The authority to decide a cause
at all and not the decision rendered therein
is what makes up jurisdiction; and when there
is jurisdiction of the person and subject
matter, the decision of all other questions
arising in the case is but an exercise of
that,jurisdiction. The extent to which the
conditions essential for creating and raising
the jurisdiction of a Court or the restraints
attaching to the mode of exercise of that
jurisdiction, should be included in the
conception of jurisdiction itself, is
sometimes a question of great nicety, as is
illustrated by the decisions reviewed in the
order of reference in Sukhlal v. Tara Chand(1)
and Khosh Mahomed v. Nazir Mahomed(2) see also
the observation of Lord Parkar in Raghunath,
v. Sundar Das(3) ... We must not thus overlook
the cardinal position that in order that
jurisdiction may be exercised, there must be a
case legally before the Court and a hearing as
well as a determination. A judgment
pronounced by a court without jurisdiction is
void, subject to the well-known reservation
that, when the jurisdiction of a Court is
challenged, the Court is competent to deter-
mine the question of jurisdiction, though the
result of the enquiry may be that it has no
jurisdiction to deal with the matter brought
before it : Rashmoni v. Ganada.(4)" (emphasis
supplied). (1) [1905] I.L.R.33 Cal.68. (2) (1905) I.L.R.33Cal.352. (3) [1914] I.L.R.42 Cal.72. (4) [1914] 20 C.I.J.213. Finally the learned judge quoted with approval the decision of Srinivas Aiyangar, J. in Tuljaram v. Gopala(1) wherein Aiyangar, J. laid down that "if a Court has jurisdiction to try a suit and has authority to pass orders of a particular kin#, the (,act that it has passed an order which it should not have made in the circumstances of the litigation,, does not indicate total want or loss of jurisdiction so as to render the order a nullity" (emphasis supplied). From the above discussion it is clear that before a Court can be held to have jurisdiction to decide -a particular matter it must not only have jurisdiction to try the suit brought but must also have the authority to pass, the orders sought for. It is not sufficient that it has some jurisdiction in relation to the subject matter of the suit. Its jurisdiction must include the power to hear and decide the questions at issue, the authority to hear and decide the particular controversy that has arisen between the parties. Therefore the fact that Ramfry, J. had jurisdiction to pass certain orders either under the Indian Trust Act, 1882 or under the Official Trustees Act, 1913 or under the Trustees and Mortgages Powers Act, 1866 or under his inherent power is not conclusive of the matter. What is relevant is whether he had the power to grant the relief asked for in the application made by the settlor. That we think is the essence of the matter. It cannot be disputed that if it is held that the learned judge had competence to pronounce on the issue presented for his decision then the fact that he decided that issue illegally or incorrectly is wholly beside the point. See Ittavira Mathai v. Varkey Varkey and A nr. (2). Therefore we have now to see whether the learned judge had jurisdiction to decide the issue presented for his determination. The relief prayed for, as seen earlier, was to Permit the settlor to revoke particular clauses in the Trust deed and to authorise him to alter the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries by a deed inter vivos. Had the learned judge jurisdiction to entertain those pleas ? Reliance was placed on s. 34 of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 as conferring power on the judge to make the order in question. That section reads
"Any trustee may, without instituting a suit,
apply by petition to a principal Civil Court
of original jurisdiction for its opinion,
advice or direction on any present questions
respecting the management or administration of
the trust property other than questions of
detail, difficulty or importance, not proper
in the opinion of the Court for summary
disposal." (2) [1964] 1 S.C.R. 495. Under this provision the court could have only given "opinion, advice or direction on any presented question respecting the management or administration of the trust property" and not on any other matters. The relief prayed for by the settlor did not relate to the management or administration of the trust Property but on the other hand it asked for authority to alter the quantum of interest given to each of the beneficiaries by a deed inter vivos. The jurisdiction confrere on the court under s. 34 is a limited jurisdiction. Under that provision, the court has not been conferred with overall jurisdiction in matters arising under a Trust deed. The statute has prescribed what the court can do and inferentially what it cannot do. From the fact that the court has been conferred power to grant only certain reliefs it follows as a matter of law that the court has been prohibited from granting any other relief. The jurisdiction of the court is circumscribed by the provisions of s. 34 of the Trusts Act. The court had no jurisdiction to pronounce on the pleas put forward by the settlor. From the facts stated in the petition and from the relief asked for, it was obvious that the case did not come within the scope of s. 34 of the Trust Act. Therefore when the learned judge granted the relief asked for, he did something which he was not competent to do under s. 34 of the Trusts Act. Next we were told the learned judge had jurisdiction to pass the order in question under s. 10(1) of the Official Trustees Act, 1913 which reads :
"If any property is subject to trust other
than a trust which the Official Trustee is
prohibited from accepting under the provisions
of this Act, and there is no trustee within
the local limits of the ordinary or
extraordinary original civil jurisdiction of
the High Court willing or capable to act in
the trust, the High Court may on application
make an order for the appointment of the
Official Trustee by that name with his consent
to be the trustee of such property." This provision has no relevance as regards the controversy with which we are dealing. That provision might have empowered the court to appoint the Official Trustee in the place of the settlor as the settlor was not willing to continue as the trustee. But it could not have granted the other reliefs asked for. Reliance was next placed on s. 43 of the Trustees and Mortgagees Powers Act, 1866. There is no reference to this Act in the application made by the settlor. Obviously he did not rely on any of the provisions in that Act. But then if the court could have acted on the basis of any of the provisions in that Act, the fact that it did not purport to act under that provision is, immaterial. Therefore we have to see whether the court could have acted on the basis of any of the provisions in the said Act. The only provision of that Act on which reliance was placed on behalf of the appellants is s. 43(1). The portion of that section relevant for our present purpose reads : .lm15 " Any trustee, executor or administrator shall be at liberty, without the institution of a suit, to apply by petition to any Judge of the High Court for the opinion, advice or direction of such Judge on any question respecting the management or administration of the trust property or the assets of any testator or intestate.. . " This provision is more or less similar to s. 34 of the Trust Act. Under that provision a judge of a High Court could have only given opinion, advice or direction on any question respecting the management or administration of the trust property. Therefore the order made by Ramfry, J. cannot be justified on the basis of s. 43 of the Trustees and Mortgagees Powers Act.1866. It was then said that the order in question could have been made by Ramfry, J. in the exercise of his inherent powers as a judge sitting on the original side of the Calcutta High Court. It was argued that a judge sitting on the original side of the High Court of Judicature at Calcutta has all the powers of a Chancery Judge in England as that power has been conferred on him by the Letters Patent granted to that High Court. We shall assume it to be so. We may note that the settlor did not invoke the inherent jurisdiction of the Court nor did the judge purport to exercise that power. But, still, that cannot invalidate the order made if the court had the inherent jurisdiction to make that order. Hence the real question is had he that inherent jurisdiction? Chapter XIII of the Calcutta High Court Rules prescribes what orders can be obtained in an originating summons proceedings. The jurisdiction of the judge acting under that Chapter is a summary jurisdiction. Rule 1 of that Chapter empowers the judge to entertain an application in respect of matters enumerated in clauses (a) to (g) of that rule. Admittedly cls. (a) (b), (f) and (g) are not relevant for our present purpose. Under cl. (c), the court could only decide -about furnishing of any particular accounts by trustees and vouching (where necessary) of such accounts. Under cl. (c) it could direct the trustees to pay into court ’any monies in his hands and under cl. (e) direct him to file an account and vouch the same to do or abstain from doing any particular act in his character as a trustee. The orders under Ch. XIII are made in chambers. As mentioned earlier the proceedings under, that Chapter are summary. proceedings. No rule in that Chapter was brought to our notice under which the ,order in question could have been made. Different questions might have arisen for consideration if an ,application under rule 9 of Chapter XIII had been made requesting the High Court to interpret the original Trust deed in ,a particular manner, Such a plea was not taken in the application filed by the settlor before Ramfry, J. Further it was not the ,case of the appellant either in the High Court or in the courts below or even in this Court that Ramfry, J. merely purported to interpret the original Trust deed whether his interpretation is ,correct or not. Let us now proceed to the question whether the Chancery Court in, England had jurisdiction to pass an order similar to that made by Ramfry, J. This question was elaborately considered by the House of Lords in Chapman and Ors. v. Chapman and Ors.(1). The leading judgment in that case was delivered by Lord Morton of Henryton. In his speech he elaborately considered the -various decisions rendered by the English courts. The broad question that he posed for decision was -whether the court could permit the settlor to alter the terms of a trust and if so in what respect. It was urged before him on behalf of the appellants in that case that the court had jurisdiction to permit the alteration of any of the terms of a trust. Negativing that contention his Lordship observed at p. 456
"Striking instances of cases which negative
the existence of the alleged, unlimited
jurisdiction are In re Crawshay,(2) In re
Morrison(3) (Buckley, J.) and In re Montagu(4)
’(Court of Appeal). In the first of these
cases North, J. said: ’I should not be
administering the trusts created by ’the
testator if I consented to this scheme. I
should be altering his trusts and substituting
something quite outside the will. On the
assumption that the scheme would be beneficial
to the estate, I cannot decide that I have
jurisdiction to authorise it’ " In the last
mentioned case the Court of Appeal held that
it had no jurisdiction to allow the trustees
of a settlement to raise money by mortgage of
the settled estate and to apply it in pulling
down and rebuilding some of the houses on the
property. Lindley, L. J. said ’We none of us
see our (3) [1901]1 Ch. 701. (4) [1897] 2Ch.8.
way to hold that there is jurisdiction to make
an order in this case. It is very desirable
that the court should have jurisdiction to
deal with such a case; but Parliament has
never gone so far as to give it that jurisdic-
tion. No doubt it would be a judicious thing
to do what is wanted in this case, and if the
persons interested were all ascertained and of
age, they would probably concur, and then it
might be done; but they are not all
ascertained nor of full age; and unless the
court can authorize the trustees to do it, it
cannot be done.’ Lopes, L.J. said: ’I have no
doubt that what is proposed is beneficial and
would increase both the income and the capital
value of the property. The question is
whether the court has jurisdiction to sanction
it. There is no provision in the settlement
which would authorize the works in question,
nor do they fall within any of the
improvements sanctioned by the Settled Lands
Act." From the above observations it is clear that the learned judge proceeded on the basis that the court has no jurisdiction to permit the alteration of any of the terms in a trust deed excepting as regards the following matters
(a) Changes in the nature of an infant’s
property e.g. by directing investment of his
personality in the purchase of freeholds;
(b) Allowing the trustees of settled
property to enter into some business
transaction which was not authorized by the
settlement;
(c) Allowing maintenance out of income which
the settlor or testator directed to be
-accumulated; and
(d) Approving a compromise on behalf of
infants and possible after-born beneficiaries. It will be noticed that the power given under those four heads are those relating to management and -administration of trust property. That power is similar to the power conferred on courts by S. 34 of the Trusts Act and 43 of the Trustees and Mortgagees Powers Act, 1866. In fact in this country we have codified the very powers that were exercised by the Chancery Courts in England under their equitable jurisdiction. The Court of Appeal in Chapman’s case(1) Evershed, M.R. and Romer, L.JJ., Denning, L.J. dissenting stated the law on the point thus : (1) [1953] Ch. 1 218. L 7 Sup. CI/69-8 The inherent jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery is of a limited character. It is a jurisdiction to confer upon the trustee, quoad items of trust property vested in them, administrative powers to be exercised by them where a situation has arisen in regard to the property creating what may be fairly called an ,emergency’. The inherent jurisdiction does not extend to, sanctioning generally the modification or remoulding of the beneficial trusts of a settlement. Hence we are not persuaded that the Chancery Court in England had jurisdiction to pass orders similar to that passed by Ramfry, J. From whatever angle we may examine the validity of the order made by Ramfry, J., it appears clear to us, that the said order was outside the jurisdiction of the learned judge. It was not merely a wrong order, or an illegal order, it was an order which he had no competence to make. It is not merely an order that he should not have passed but it is an order that he could not have passed and therefore a void order. The circumstances of the case call for certain modifications in the decree of the High Court. On the facts of this case we see no justification for treating the Official Trustee as a trustee de-son-tort and to require him to account as such. In the proceedings before Ramfry, J. the plaintiff did not choose to appear and contest. It is not his case that he was not served in that proceeding. But for the order of Ramfry, J. the settlor would have certainly altered the quantum of interest given to the plaintiff under the original Trust deed by means of a will,. As it now turned out the plaintiff has benefited by the wrong step taken by the settlor. The Official Trustee has merely carried out the order of the court. It was not open to him to go behind that order. That being so we see no _justification to treat him as a trustee. deson-tort. Equity requires that he should be made to account as if he was ’a trustee. In other words his liability should not be greater than that of a trustee. It is also proper to permit him to reimburse himself all the costs incurred by him in all the courts from out of the trust funds in his hands. We see no justification for allowing accounting in this case from the date the official Trustee took charge of the trust estate. Till the institution of the present suit from which this appeal has arisen there was no knowing that the plaintiff would challenge the second Trust deed executed by his father. He did not challenge it during his father’s life time. On the faith of the order of the High Court, the Official Trustee must have been disbursing the trust income to the various beneficiaries. It will be inequitable to, reopen all those transactions. We think the end,,; 1 07 of justice will be met if accounting is ordered as from the date of the institution of the present suit. The plaintiffrespondent is entitled to his costs in all the courts. But he shall get the same from out of the Trust Estate. Subject to the modifications directed above in the decree of the High Court this appeal is dismissed. V.P.S. Appeal dismissed and decree modified.