ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 327 of 1968. Petition under Art 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ in the nature of habeas corpus. R. K. Garg, for the petitioners. Debabrata Mukherjee, P. K. Chakravarti and G. S. Chatterjee, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Ramaswami J. In this case the petitioners have obtained a rule upon the respondent, viz., the State of West Bengal, to show cause why a writ of habeas corpus should not be issued under Art. 32 of the Constitution directing their release from detention under orders passed under s. 3(2) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 (Act, IV of 1950) (hereinafter called the Act). Cause has been shown by Mr. Debabrata Mukherjee and other counsel on behalf of the respondent to whom notice of the rule was ordered to be given. At the conclusion of the hearing of this petition on 15th January, 1969, we directed the release of these petitioners and said that the reasons would be furnished later. We shall now proceed to state. those reasons. As regards petitioner No. 2 Sk. Abdul Karim, the order of detention was made on 17th February, 1968 by the District Magistrate of Hooghly and reads as follows:
"No. 230-C Dated 17-2-1968 Whereas I
am satisfied with respect to the person known
as Sk. Abdul Karim, son of late Sk.
Nasiruddin of Mathurdangi, Police-station
Chanditala District Hooghly, that with a view
to preventing him from acting in any manner
prejudicial to the maintenance of supplies and
services essential to the community, it is
necessary. so to do, I therefore in exercise
of the powers conferred by section 3(2) of the
Preventive\Detention Act, 1950 make this order
directing that the said Sk. Abdul Karim be
detained.
Given under my hand and seal of office.
Sd/- Illegible
17-2-68
District Magistrate, Hoogly". On the same date the following grounds of detention were communicated to the detenu :
"1. You are being detained in pursuance of a
detention order made under sub-section (2) of
section 3 of the Preventive Detention Act,
1950 (Act IV of 1950), on the following
grounds
2.That on 2-2-68, at 19.05, hours you were
arrested while carrying 60 kgs. of rice
without authority from Dankuni Bazar towards
Dankuni Rly. Station with a view to despatch
the same by train into the statutory rationing
areas of Calcutta and Howrah.
(a)That on 9-2-68 at 14.00 hrs. you were
found to detrain at Dankuni Rly. Station with
a bag containing one maund of rice from
Burdwan-Howrah local train.
(b)That on 10-2-68 at 13.55 hrs. you with
2/3 other smugglers were found to carry rice
20 kgs. each, by train from Dankuni Rly.
Station towards Sealdah and you all detrained
at Baranagore off side platform with
unauthorised stocks of rice.
(c)That on 11-2-68 at 08,45 hrs. you with
other smugglers were found carrying 15 kgs. of
rice each by train towards Howrah from Dankuni
Rly. Station.
3.You are hereby informed that you may
make a representation to the State Government,
as early as possible, on receipt of the
detention order and that such representation
should be addressed to the Asstt. Secy. to
the Govt. of West Bengal, Home Deptt. Special
Section, Writers’ Buildings, Calcutta, and
forwarded through the Superintendent of the
Jail in which you are detained.
4.You are also informed that under section
10 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 (Act
IV of 1950), the Advisory Board shall hear you
in person and if you desire to be so heard by
the Advisory Board, you should intimate such
desire in your representation to the State
Government.
Sd/- Megible
17--2-68
District Magistrate, Hooghly-. On 21st February, 1968, Sk. Abdul Karim made a representation, to the State Government against the order of detention. On 22nd April, 1968, the Advisory Board made a report under section 10 of the Act stating that there was sufficient cause for detention of Sk. Abdul Karim. On 24th July, 1968, the Governor of West Bengal confirmed the detention order under section 11 (1) of the Act. Section 3 of the Act provides :
"3. (1) The Central Government or the State
Government may-
(a)If satisfied with respect to any person
that with a view to preventing him from
acting in any manner prejudicial to-
(i) the defence of India, the relations of
India with foreign powers or the security of
India, or
(ii) the security of the State or the
maintenance of public order, or
(iii)the maintenance of supplies and services
essential to the community, or
(b)if satisfied with respect to any person
who is a foreigner within the meaning of the
Foreigners Act, 1946 (XXXI of 1946), that with
a view to regulating his continued presence in
India or with a view to making arrangements
for his expulsion from India, it is necessary
so to do, make an order directing that such
person be detained.
(4)When any order is made or approved by
the State Government under this section, the
State Government shall, as soon as may be,
report the fact to the Central Government
together with the grounds on which the order
has been made and such other particulars as in
the opinion of the state Government having
bearing on the necessity for the order". Sub-sections (2) and (3) of this section empower the District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate or the Commissioner of Police in a Presidency Town to exercise the power conferred by and make the order contemplated in subsection (1), but with the ,,qualification that any order made thereunder must be reported ,forthwith to the Government of the State to which the officer in question is subordinate with the grounds on which the order has been made and such other particulars as in his opinion have a bearing on the necessity for the order. Sub-section (3) further provides that no such order made after the commencement of the Preventive Detention (Second Amendment) Act, 1952, shall remain in force for more than twelve days after the making thereof unless in the meantime it has been approved by the State Government. Section 7 of the Act reads :
"7. (1) When a person is detained in pursuance
of a detention order, the authority making the
order shall,
as soon as may be, but not later than five
days from the date of detention, communicate
to him the grounds on which the order has been
made, and shall afford him the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against
the order to the appropriate Government.
(2) Nothing in sub-section (1)
shall require the authority to disclose facts
which it considers to be against the public
interest to disclose". Section 8 provides for constitution of one or more Advisory Boards for the purposes of this Act. Section 9 states
"In every case where a detention order has
been made under this Act, the appropriate
Government shall, within thirty days from the
date of detention under the order, place
before the Advisory Board constituted by it
under section 8 the grounds on which the order
has beep made and the representation, if any,
made by the person affected by the order, and
in case where the order has been made by an
officer, also the report by such officer,
under sub-section (3) of section 3".
Section 11 enacts :
" 1. (1) In any case where the Advisory Board
has reported that there is in its opinion
sufficient cause for the detention of a
person, the appropriate Government may confirm
the detention order and continue the detention
of the person concerned for such period as it
thinks fit.
(2)In any case where the Advisory Board has
reported that there is in its opinion no
sufficient cause for the detention of the
person concerned, the appropriate Government
shall revoke the detention order and cause the
person to be released forthwith".
Section 11A states
"11A.(1) The maximum period for which any
person may be detained in pursuance of any
detention order which has been confirmed
under section 1 1 shall be twelve months from
the date of detention.
(2)Notwithstanding anything contained in
subsection (1) every detention order which has
been confirmed under section 1 1 before the
commencement of the Preventive Detention
(Second Amendment) Act, 1952, shall unless a
shorter period is specified in the order,
continue to remain in force until the 1st day
of April, 1953, or until the expiration of
twelve months
from the date, of detention, whichever period
of detention expires later.
(3)The provisions of sub-section (2) shaft
have effect notwithstanding anything to the
contrary contained in, section 3 of the
Preventive Detention (Amendment) Act, 1952
(XXXIV of 1952), but nothing contained in this
section shall affect the power of the appro priate Government to revoke or modify
the detention order at any earlier time."
Section 13 provides for revocation of a
detention order and reads as follows :-
" 13. (1 ) Without prejudice to the
provisions’ of section 21 of the General
Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897) a detention
order may at any time be revoked or modified-
(a)notwithstanding that the order has been
made by an officer mentioned in the sub-
section (2 ) of section 3, by the State
Government to which that officer is
subordinate or by the Central Government; and
(b) notwithstanding that the order has been
made by a State Government or by the Central
Government.
(2)The revocation or expiry of a detention
order shall not bar the making of a fresh
detention order under section 3 against the
same person in any case where fresh facts have
arisen after the date of revocation or expiry
on which the Central Government or a State
Government or an officer, as the case may be,
is satisfied that such an order should be
made". The Preventive Detention Act (Act No. 4 of 1950) was enacted by Parliament by virtue of the power conferred on it by Art. 22-clause (7) of the Constitution read with entries 9 of List 1 and 3 of List III of the Seventh Schedule. Article 22 (4), (5), (6) and (7) provides as follows "22.
(4)No law providing for Preventive
detention shall authorise the detention of a
person for a longer period than three months,
unless-
(a)an Advisory Board consisting of persons
who are, or have been, or are qualified to be
appointed as Judges of a High Court has
reported before the expiration of the said
period of three months that there is in its
opinion sufficient cause for such detention
Provided that nothing in this sub-clause shall
authorise the detention of any person beyond
the maximum period prescribed by any law made
by Parliament under sub-clause (b) of clause
(7); or
(b)such, person is detained in accordance
with the provisions of a* law made by
Parliament under subclauses (a) and (b) of
clause (7).
(5)When any person is detained in pursuance
of an order made under any law providing for
preventive detention, the authority making the
order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to
such person the grounds on which the order has
been made and shall afford him the earliest
opportunity of making a representation against
the order.
(6)Nothing in clause (5) shall require the
authority making any such order as is referred
to in that clause to disclose facts which such
authority considers to be against the public
interest to disclose.
(7) Parliament may by law prescribe-
(a) the circumstances under which, and the
class or classes of cases in which, a per-son
may be detained for a period longer than three
months under any law providing for preventive
detention without obtaining the opinion of the
Advisory Board in accordance with the
provisions of sub-clause (a) of clause (4);
(b)the maximum period for which any person
may in any class or classes of cases be
detained under any law for preventive
detention; and
(c)the procedure to be followed by an
Advisory Board in an inquiry under sub-clause
(a) of clause (4)". It was argued by Mr. Garg that the representations of the petitioners were not considered by the respondent Government of West Bengal, but were merely forwarded by the respondent to the Advisory Board without any consideration. It was contended that the detention of the petitioners was bad in law, because there,was a failure on the part of the Government to consider the representations submitted by the petitioners before forwarding them to the Advisory Board. In the first counter-affidavit of the respondent it was asserted by Mr. Monoranjan Dey that "there was no requirement of law which compelled the consideration by the State Government of the detenu’s representation before being forwarded to the Advisory Board for consideration". In the second counteraffidavit Mr. Monoranjan Dey said that "for securing an unprejudiced and impartial consideration of the representation of the petitioner by an independent Statutory Authority, the State Government refrained at that stage from expressing its views on-the representations to the Advisory Board". The counteraffidavits of the respondents are some what vague and the allegation of the petitioner has not been categorically denied. Mr. Debabrata Mukherjee, however, said in the course of argument that the case may be decided on the footing that the representations were not considered by the State Government before sending them to the Advisory Board., It was contended on behalf of the respondent that there was no obligation on the State Government to consider the representations since the Advisory Board had been constituted under section 8 of the Act to consider the case of the detenus and to report to the State Government whether there was sufficient cause for their detention. The question involved in this case depends upon the construction of Art. 22(5) of the Constitution which has already been reproduced. Though the Constitution has recognised the necessity of laws as to preventive detention, it has also provided certain safeguards to mitigate their harshness by. placing fetters on the legislative power conferred on this topic. Article 22 lays down the permissible Emits of legislation empowering preventive detention. Article 22 prescribes the minimum procedure that must be included in any law permitting preventive detention and if such requirements are not observed the detention infringes the fundamental right of the detenu guaranteed under Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution. The said requirements are : (1) that no law can provide for detention for a period of more than three months unless the sufficiency for the cause of the detention is investigated by an Advisory Board within the said period of three months; (2) that the State law cannot authorise detention beyond the maximum period prescribed by Parliament under the powers given to it in Art. 22 clause (7); (3) that Parliament also cannot make a law authorising detention for a period beyond three months without the intervention of an Advisory Board unless the law conforms to the conditions laid down in clause (7) of Art. 22; (4) provision has also been made to enable Parliament to prescribe the procedure to be followed by Advisory Boards. Apart from these enabling and disabling provisions certain procedural rights have been expressly safegarded by clause (5) of Art. 22. A person detained under a law of preventive detention has a right to obtain information as to the grounds of detention and has also the right to make a representation protesting against an order of preventive detention. Article 22(5) does not expressly say to whom the representation is to be made and how the detaining authority is to deal with the representation. But,it is necessarily implicit in the language of Art.22(5) that the State Government to whom there presentation is made should properly consider the representation as expeditiously as possible. The constitution of an Advisory Board under section 8 of the Act does not relieve the State Government from the legal obligation to consider the representation of the detenu as soon as it is received by it. On behalf of the respondent it was said that there was no express language in Art. 21(5) requiring the State Government to consider the representation of the 1 detenu. But it is a necessary implication of the language of Art. 22(5) that the State Government should consider the representation made by the detenu as soon as it is made, apply its mind to it and, if necessary, take appropriate ,action. In our opinion, the constitutional right to make a representation guaranteed by Art. 22(5) must be taken to include by necessary implication the constitutional right to a proper consideration of the representation by the authority to whom it is made. The right of representation under Art. 22(5) is a valuable constitutional right and is not a mere formality. It is, therefore, not possible to accept the argument of the respondent that the State Government is not under a legal obligation to consider the representation of the detenu or that the representation must be kept in cold storage in the archives of the Secretariat till the time or occasion for sending it to the Advisory Board is reached. If the viewpoint contended for by the respondent is correct, the constitutional right under Art. 22(5) would be rendered illusory. Take for instance a case of detention of a person on account of mistaken identity. If the order of detention has been made against A and a different person B is arrested and detained by the police authorities because of similarity of names or some such cause, it cannot be reasonably said that the State Government should wait for the report of the Advisory Board before releasing the wrong person from detention. It is obvious that apart from the procedure of reference to the Advisory Board, the State Government has ample power under section 13 of the Act to revoke any order of detention at any time. If the right of representation in such a case is to be real and not illusory, there-is a legal obligation imposed upon the State Government to consider the representation and to take appropriate action thereon. Otherwise the right of representation conferred by Art. 22(5) of the Constitution would be rendered nugatory. The argument of Mr. Debabrata Mukherjee as regards the construction of Art. 22(5) cannot also be correct for another reason. Under Art. 22 clause, (4) of the Constitution, it is open to Parliament to make a law providing for preventive detention for a period of less, than three months without the cause of detention being investigated by an Advisory Board. It is clear that the right of representation conferred by clause (5) of Art. 22 does not depend upon the duration of period of detention. Even if the period of detention is less than three months, the detenu has a constitutional right of representation. It is also important to notice that under Art. 22(7) Parliament may by law prescribe the circumstances under which and the class or classes of cases in which a person may be detained for a period longer ’than three months under any law providing for preventive detention without obtaining the opinion of an Advisory Board. It cannot possibly be argued that if Parliament makes a law contemplated by Art. 22(7) of the Constitution, the detaining authority is under no legal obligation to consider the representation made by the detenu under Art. 22(5). Faced with this difficulty counsel on behalf of the respondent conceded that in a case where the detention is for a period of less than three months or in a case contemplated by Art 22(7), the State Government will be legally obliged to consider the representation of the detenu. But it was suggested that in a case where a reference has to be made to the Advisory Board it was not necessary for the State Government to consider the representation. We are unable to accept this argument as correct. There is no such dichotomy in the scheme of Art. 22(5) of the Constitution and there is no reason why it must be interpreted in a different manner for the two classes of detenus. It is manifest that the right under Art. 22(5) to make a representation has been guaranteed independent of the duration of the period of detention and irrespective of the existence or non-existence of an Advisory Board. The constitution of an Advisory Board for the purpose of reporting whether a person should or should not be detained for a period of more than three months is a very different thing from a right of consideration by the State Government whether a person should be detained even for a single day. The obligation of the detaining authority to consider the representation is different from the obligation of the Advisory Board to consider the representation later on at the time of hearing the reference. It follows, there-fore, that even if reference is to be made to the Advisory Board under section 9 of the Act, the appropriate Government is under legal obligation to consider the representation of the detenu before such a reference is made. In the present case, Sk. Abdul Karim has alleged that his representation was not considered by the State Government before it was forwarded to the Advisory Board. This allegation is not controverted in the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the respondent. What is at stake in this case is the issue of personal freedom which is one of the basic principles of a democratic State. A predominant position and role is given in our Constitution to human personality and human freedom as the ultimate source of all moral and spiritual values. Preventive detention is a serious invasion of personal liberty, and, therefore, the Constitution has provided procedural safeguards against the improper exercise of the power of preventive detention. All the procedural requirements of Article 22 are in our opinion mandatory in character and even if one of the procedural requirement is not complied with, the order of detention would be rendered illegal. Accordingly, the order of detention dated 17-2-1968 made against petitioner No. 2, Sk. Abdul Karim and the subsequent order of the Governor of West Bengal dated 24th April, 1968 confirming the order of detention must be held to be illegal and ultra vires and petitioner No. 2 Sk, Abdul Karim was entitled to be released. In the case of petitioners Nos. 5, Nirmal Chandra Jana, No. 6 Sk. Ibrahim and No. 8 Nur Mohd. the order of detention suffers’ from the same legal defect as the order of detention in the case of petitioner No. 2, Sk. Abdul Karim. For the reasons already stated we hold that the order of detention and the order of confirmation under section 11 of the Act in the case of petitioners Nos. 5, 6 and 8 were also illegal and ultra vires and the petitioners were consequently entitled to be released. R.K.P.S. Petition allowed.