CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1330 Of 1966.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated August 4, 7, 1964 of the Bombay High Court in Appeal No. 65 of 1962.
K.S. Shavaksha, R.A. Shah, J.B. Dadachanji and Bhuvanesh Kumari, for the appellant.
M.C. Chagla, 1. M. Chagla,.Anoop Singh, M.N. Shroff, for 1. N. Shroff, for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Ramaswami, J. This appeal is brought by certificate from the judgment of the Bombay High Court dated August 17, 1964 in application no. 65 of 1962 upholding in part the judgment of Mr. Justice Tarkunde dated December 7, 1962 in Miscellaneous Petition No. 358 of 1961.
The appellant is a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Switzerland and carries on business in the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical and chemical products. The respondent is a company incorporated under the Companies Act in India and also carries on business in the manufacture ’and sale of pharmaceutical products.
On December 2, 1946 the ,appellant applied for registration of its trade mark "PROTOVIT". The application Was granted and the appellants mark was registered in Class V in respect of "Pharmaceutical preparations for human use and for veterinary use, infants’ and invalids’ foods". The appellant thereafter used that mark on multi-vitamin preparations in liquid tablet forms and its goods are being sold under that mark at least since the year 1951.
On January 28, 1957 the respondent applied for registration of its mark "DROPOVIT" in respect of "medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations and substances". The application was registered but the advertisement of the respondent’s application escaped the notice of the appellant who did not hence oppose the registration. By a letter dated March 4, 1958 Messrs Voltas Ltd., the appellant’s ’agents, drew the attention of the appellant to the respondent’s mark "DROPOVIT". There was negotiation between the parties but on March 19, 1958 the respondents wrote to the appellant refusing to alter its trade mark. On January 21, 1959 the appellant applied for rectification of the Register by removal therefrom of the respondent’s trade mark. The ground urged in support of the application was that the respondent’s mark so nearly resembled the appellant’s mark as to. be likely to deceive or cause confusion. On March 9, 1960 the appellant applied for amendment of the application and an additional ground was taken that "DROPOVIT" was not an invented word. The application for amendment was allowed by the Registrar. The amended application was opposed by the respondent. . By his judgment dated August 5, 1961 the Joint Registrar rejected the application for rectification holding that "DROPOVIT" was not deceptively similar to "PROTOVIT" and that the word "DROPOVIT" considered as a whole was not descriptive. The appellant took the matter in appeal to the Bombay High Court. On December 7, 1962 Mr. Justice Tarkunde dismissed the appeal. The appellant preferred an appeal under Letters Patent but the appeal was dismissed by a Division Bench consisting of Chief Justice Chainani and Mody, J. on August 17, 1964. During the hearing of. the appeal the respondent restricted the designation of goods to "’medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations and substances containing principally vitamins.
The application for rectification’ was made on January 21, 1959 be/ore the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act. 1958 (Act no. 43 of 1958) came into operation. But it is not disputed that under s. 136(3) of this Act the decision of this case is governed by the provisions of Act no. 43 of 1958 (hereinafter called the Act).
Section 11 of the Act states: "A ’mark--
(a) the use of which would be likely to
deceive or cause confusion; or
(b)the use Of WhiCh would be contrary to
any law for the time being in force; or
(c) which comprises or contains scandalous
or obscene matter; or
(d) which comprises or.contains any matter
likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities
of any class or section of the citizens of
India; or .
(e) which would.otherwise be disentitled to
protection in a court;
shall not be registered as a trade
mark".
Section 12( 1 ) provides
"Save as provided in sub-section (3 ), no
trade mark. shall be registered in respect. of
any goods or description of goods which is
identical with or deceptively similar to a
trade mark which is already registered in the
name of a different proprietor in respect of
the same goods. or descriptive of goods."
Section 56(1) reads:
"On application made in the prescribed
manner to ’a High Court or to the Registrar by
any person aggrieved, the tribunal may make
such order as it may think fit for cancelling
or varying the registration of a trade mark on
the ground of any contravention, or failure to
observe a condition entered on the register
in relation thereto."
Section 2(1)(d) defines the phrase
"deceptively similar" as follows:
"A mark shall be deemed to. be deceptively
similar ’to another mark if it so nearly
resembles that other mark as to be likely to
deceive or cause confusion;"
The first question to be considered in this appeal is whether the word "DROPOVIT" is deceptively similar to the word "PROTOVIT" and offends the provision of s. 12 (1 ) of the Act. In other words the question is whether the respondent’s mark so nearly resembles the registered m,ark aS to be "likely to deceive or cause confusion." It is not necessary that it should be intended to deceive or intended to cause’ confusion. It is its probable effect on the ordinary kind of customers that one has to consider.
In Parker-Knoll Ltd, v. Knoll International Ltd, (1) Lord Denning explained the words "to deceive,’ and the phrase "to cause confusion" as follows 1:
. "Secondly, ’to deceive’ is one thing.
To ’Cause confusion’ is another. The
difference is this: When you deceive a man,
you tell him a lie. You make a false
representation to him and thereby cause him to
believe a thing to be true. which is false.
You may not do it knowingly, or intentionally,
but still you do it, and so you deceive him.
But you may cause confusion without telling
him ’a lie at all, and without making any
false representation to him. You may indeed
tell him the truth, the whole truth and
nothing but the truth, but still you may cause
confusion in his mind, not by any ,fault of
yours, but because he has not the knowledge or
ability to. distinguish it from the other
pieces of truth known to him. or because he
may not even take the trouble to do so." The tests for comparison of the two word marks were formulated by Lord Parker in Pionotist Co., Ltd.’s application(2) as follows:
"You must take the two words. You must
judge of them, both by their look and by their
sound. You must consider the goods to which
they are to be applied. You must consider the
nature and kind of customer who would be
likely to buy those goods. In fact, you must’
consider all the surrounding circumstances;
and’ you must further consider what is likely
to happen if each of those trade marks is used
in a normal way as a trade mark for the goods
of the respective owners of the marks. If,
considering all those circumstances, you come
to the conclusion that there will be a
confusion--that is to say, not necessarily
that one man will be injured and the other
will gain illicit benefit, but that there will
be ’a confusion in the mind of the public
which will lead ’to confusion in the
goods--then you may refuse the registration,
or rather you must refuse the registration ’in
that case." It is necessary to apply both the visual and phonetic tests. In Aristoc Ltd. v. Rysta Ltd.(a) the House of Lords was considering the resemblance between the two words "Aristoc" and "Rysta". The view taken was that considering the way the words were pronounced in English, the one was likely to be mistaken for the other. (1) 1962 R.P.C. 265 at 274 (2) 23 R.P.C. 774 at 777 (3) 62 R.P.C. 65 at 72. Viscount Maugham cited the following passage of. Lord Justice Luxmoore in. the Court of Appeal, which passage, he said, he completely accepted as the correct exposition of the law :.
"The answer to the question whether the
sound of one word resembles too nearly the
sound of another so as to bring the former
within the limits of section 12 of the Trade
Marks Act, 1938, must nearly always depend on
first impression, for obviously a person who
is familiar with both words will neither be
deceived nor confused; It is the person who
only knows. the one word and has perhaps an
imperfect recollection of it who is likely to
be deceived or confused. .Little assistance,
therefore, is to be obtained from a meticulous
comparison of the two words, letter by
letter .and syllable by syllable, pronounced
with the clarity to be expected from a teacher
of elocution. The Court must be careful to.
make’ allowance for imperfect
recollection .and the effect of careless
pronunciation and speech on the part not only
of the person seeking to. buy under the trade
description, but also of the shop. assistant
ministering to that person’s wants".
It is also important that the marks must be
compared as wholes. It is not right to take a
portion of the word and say that because that
portion of the word differs from the
corresponding portion of the word in the other
case there is no sufficient similarity to
cause confusion. The true test is whether the
totality of the proposed trade mark is such
that it is likely to cause deception or
confusion or mistake in the minds of persons
accustomed to the existing trade mark. Thus
in Layroma case(1). Lord Johnston said’:
".’ ..... we are not bound to scan
the words as we would in a question of
comparatio literarum. It is not a matter for
microscopic inspection, but to be taken from
the general and even casual point of view of a
customer walking into a shop."
In order to decide whether the word "DIROPOVIT" is deceptively similar to the word "PROTOVIT" each of the two words must, therefore, be taken as a whole word. Each of the two words consists of eight letters, the last three letters are common, and in the uncommon part the first two are consonants, the next is the same vowel ’0’, the next is a consonant and the fifth is again a common vowel ’0’. The combined effect is to produce an alliteration. The affidavits of the .appellant indicate that the last three letters "VIT" is a well known common abbreviation used in the pharmaceutical trade to denote Vitamin preparations. (1) Tokajon Ltd. v. Davidson & Co., 32 R.P.C. 133 at 136. his affidavit dated January 11, 1961 Frank Murdoch, has referred to the existence on the Register of about 57 trade marks which have the common suffix "VIT" indicating that the goods are vitamin preparationS. It is apparent that the terminal syllable "VIT" in the two marks is both descriptive and common to the trade. If greater regard is paid to the ’uncommon element in these two words, it is difficult to hold that one will be mistaken for or confused with the other. The letters ’D’ and ’P’ in "DROPOVIT" and the corresponding letters ’P’ and ’T’ in "PROTOVIT" cannot possibly be slurred over in pronunciation and the words are so dissimilar that there is no reasonable probability of confusion between the words either from the visual or phonetic point of view.
In the High Court, counsel for the respondent made a statement that the respondent was willing that the Court should direct in exercise of its powers under s. 56(2) that the Registrar should limit the respondent’s trade mark "DROPOVIT" to medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations and substances containing principally vitamins and that the appeal should be decided on this basis. The question o,f deceptive similarity must therefore be decided o.n the basis of the class of goods to which the two trade marks apply subject to the limitation agreed to by the respondent. From the nature
of the goods it is likely that most of the customers would obtain a prescription. from a doctor and show it to the chemist before the purchase. In such a case, except in the event of the handwriting of the doctor being very bad or illegible the chance of confusion is remote. As we have already observed the evidence shows that there are as many as 57 trade marks in the Register of Trade Marks with the suffix "VIT". Therefore, even an average customer would know that in respect of Vitamin preparations the word "VIT" occurs in large number of trade marks and because of this he would naturally be on his guard and’ take special care against making a mistake. In this connection the provisions of the Drug Rules, 1945 are also relevant. Under r, 61(2) vitamin preparations would be covered by item 5 in Schedule C-( 1 ) to the Rules and a licence would be required to stock such vitamin preparations and to sell them retail. The question of confusion must hence be determined on the basis that the goods with one of the two rival trade marks would be sold only by such ’a licensed dealer and would not be available in any other shop. The fact that the vendor would be a licensed dealer also reduces the possibility of confusion to a considerable extent.
Having taken into account all circumstances of the present case we are of the opinion that the High Court and the Joint Registrar of Trade Marks were right in holding that there was no real tangible danger of confusion if respondent’s trade mark was allowed to continue to remain on the Register and the application’ for rectification made by the appellant should be dismissed.
The question was also. argued in the appeal whether the word "DROPOVIT" was not an invented word and whether it was a descriptive WOrd. . Section 9(1 ) of the Act states-
. "A trade mark shall not be registered
in Part A of the register unless it contains
or consists of at least one
the following essential particulars, namely--
(c) one or more invented words;
(d) one or more words having no direct
reference to the character or quality of the
goods and not being according to its ordinary
signification, a geographical name or a
surname or a personal name or any common
abbreviation thereof or the name of a sect,
caste or tribe in India;"
It is contended on behalf of the .appellant that "DROPOVIT" meant only "DROP OF VITAMIN" with the word ’of’ being mis-spelled as ’O’ ’VIT’ being used to denote "Vitamins", and the three separate words are joined together to make "DROPOVIT" as one word.’ It was said that the word "DROPOVIT" was simply a combination of three common words in English language and cannot, therefore, be said to. be an invented .word. In Diabolo case(1) Parker J., has explained the meaning of "invented word" as follows:
"To be an invented word within the
meaning of the Act a word must not only be
newly coined, in the sense of not being
’already current in the English language, but
must be such as not to convey an, meaning,
or, at any rate, any obvious meaning to
ordinary Englishmen. It must be
a word
having no meaning or no obvious meaning
until one has been assigned to it."
In the case of De Cordova and others v. Vick Chemical Co.(2) the Privy Council referred to that interpretation of Parker J., as "the best standing interpretation". The question arising in this case is whether the word "DROPOVIT" would strike an ordinary person’ knowing English as meaning. "DROP OF VITAMIN". In this connection the High Court has pointed out that the original application for rectification did not contain the ground that the word of "DROPOVIT" was descriptive. It was, therefore, legitimate to draw the inference that the word (1) 25 R.P.C. 565 (2) 68. R.P.C. 103. "DROPOVIT" did: not strike even Messrs Depenning and DePenning the legal advisers of the appellant as being descriptive. It was also pointed out that in his judgment Mr. Justice Tarkunde has remarked that when the case was opened before, him he did not understand that the word "DROPOVIT" meant "DROP OF VITAMIN" till the explanation of that word was given to. him. We see no reason, therefore, to differ from the reasoning of the High Court on this ’aspect of the case. If the word "DROPOVIT" is not a descriptive word it must be held to be an invented word. It is true that the word "DROPOVIT" is coined out of words commonly used by and known to ordinary persons knowing English. But the resulting combination produces a new word, a newly coined word which does not remind an ordinary person knowing English of the original words out of which it is coined unless he is so told or unless at least he devotes some thought to it. It follows that the word "DROPOVIT" being an invented word was entitled to be registered as ’a trade mark and is not liable to be removed from the Register on which it already exists.
For the reasons expressed we hold that this appeal fails and must be dismissed with costs. G.C. Appeal dismissed.