CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 2483 and 2484 of 1969. Appeals by special leave from the-judgment and order dated April 11, 1969 of the Allahabad High Court in Sales Tax References Nos. 580 and 581 of 1966. J. P. Goyal and Sobhagmal Jain, for the appellants (in both the appeals). C. B. Agarwala and 0. P. Rana, for the respondent (in both the appeals). The Judgment of the, Court was delivered by Shah, J.-The appellants who are dealers in food-grains supplied to the Regional Food Controller diverse quantities of wheat in compliance with the provisions of the U.P. Wheat Procurement (Levy) Order, 1959. - The Sales Tax Officer levied tax under the U.P. Sales Tax Act on the aggregate of the price of wheat by the appellants, rejecting the contention raised,by the appellants that the wheat supplied was not sold by them to the Controller. In appeal the Assistant Commissioner (Judicial) Sales Tax held that the turnover resulting from supplies of wheat was not taxable since there was no "sale" within the meaning of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948. The order was confirmed by the Additional Judge (Revisions) Sales Tax. The Additional Judge (Revisions) Sales Tax referred the following questions to the High Court of Allahabad for opinion
(1) Whether the sales made to the Regional
Food Controller under the U.P. Wheat
Procurement (Levy) Order, 1959, are sales
within the meaning of "sale" under s. 2(h) of
the U.P. Sales Tax Act ?
(2) Whether in the circumstances of the case,
the assesses are liable to pay sales tax on
the sales made to the Regional Food Controller
under the provisions of the U.P. Wheat
Procurement (Levy) Order, 1959 ?" The questions raised were defective in form. The word "sales" when it first occurs in Question No. (1 ) should be "supplies". The expression "sales made" in Question No. (2) should be "on the price for wheat supplied". We modify the questions accordingly. The High Court of Allahabad, following their earlier judgment in Commissioner of Sales Tax,, U.P. Lucknow v. ) an Bilas Ram Gopal(1) answered the two questions in the affirmative. The appellants have appealed to this Court with special leave. The expression "sale" is defined in s. 2(h) of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948 as meaning any transfer of property in goods for cash, deferred payment or other valuable consideration, but not including a mortgage, hypothecation, charge or pledge. Power of the Provincial Legislature by virtue of Entry 48 List 11 of the Government of India Act, 1935, was restricted. The, Legislature was competent to legislate for levy of tax only on transactions which were "sales" within the meaning of the Indian Sale of Goods Act, 1930 : State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co. (Madras) Ltd.(’) M/s. New India Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Sales Tax, Bihar(’). It was observed in M/s. New India Sugar Mills’ case(’) :
"In popular parlance ’sale’ means transfer of
property from one person to another in
consideration of price paid or promised or
other valuable consideration. But that is not
the meaning of ’sale’ in the Sale of Goods
Act, 1930. Section 4 of the Sale of Goods Act
provides by its first sub-section that a
contract of sale of goods is a contract where
the seller agrees to transfer the property in
goods to the buyer for a price. "Price" by
cl. (10) of s. 2 means the money consideration
for sale of goods, ,and "where under a
contract of sale property in the goods is
transferred from the seller to the buyer, the
contract is called a sale, but where the
transfer of the ’property in the goods is to
take place at a future time or subject to some
condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the
contract is called an agreement to sell" [sub-
section (3) s. 4]. It is manifest that under
the Sale of Goods Act a transaction is called
sale only where for money consideration
property in goods is transferred under a
contract of sale. Section 4 of the Sale of
Goods Act was borrowed almost verbatim from s.
I of the English Sale of Goods Act 56 & 57
Vict. c. 71. As observed by Benjamin in the
8th Edn. of his work on ’Sale’, "to constitute
a valid sale there must be a concurrence of
the following elements viz. (1) parties
competent to contract; (2) mutual assent; (3)
a thing, the absolute or general property in
which is transferred from the seller to the
buyer; and (4) a price in money paid or
promised". It was also observed that the expression "sale of goods" in the Constitution must be understood in the same sense in which it is (1) (1969) All L.J. 424. (2) [1959] S.C.R. 379. (3) [1963] Suppl. 2 S.C.R. 459. 13Sup. C 1/70-14 used in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. The U.P. Legislature could therefore legislate for levy of sales-tax on a transaction which amounted to a sale within the meaning of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, and not on any other transaction which was deemed by fiction to be a sale. It is necessary then to determine whether the stocks of wheat supplied by the appellants in compliance with the provisions of the U.P. Wheat Procurement (Levy) Order, 1959 to the Regional Food Controller were sold to that Officer within the meaning of the definition of the word ’sale’ in s. 2(h) of the U.P. Sales Tax Act, 1948. The relevant provisions of the U.P. Wheat Procurement (Levy) Order, 1959, may first be read. The preamble to the Order states : "Whereas the State Government is of the opinion that it is necessary and expedient so to do for maintaining the supplies of wheat and for securing its equitable distribution and availability at fair prices Now, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by clauses (e), (f), (h), (i) and (j) of sub-section (2) of section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (10 of 1955), the Governor of the State of Uttar Pradesh is pleased to make the following order Clause 3 provides
"(1) Every Licensed dealer shall sell to the
State Government at the controlled prices
(a) Fifty (50%) per cent if wheat held in.
stock by him at the commencement of this
Order; and
(b) Fifty (50%) per cent of wheat procured or
purchased by him every day beginning with the
date of commencement of this Order and until
such time as the State Government otherwise
directs.
(2) The wheat required to be sold to the State
Government under sub-clause (1) shall be
delivered by the licensed dealer to the
Controller or to such other person as may be
authorised by the Controller to take delivery
on his behalf." Clause 4 confers powers of entry, search, seizure upon Enforcement Officers : insofar as it is material it provides "(1) Any Enforcement Officer may, with a view to securing compliance with this Order or to satisfying himself that this order has been complied with
(i) enter with such assistance as may be
necessary any premises where he has reason to
believe that wheat is procured, purchased or
stocked-,
(ii)ask of any person all necessary
questions;
(iii) examine any books or documents;
(iv) search any premises, vehicles, ’vessels
and aircraft and seize wheat in respect of
which he has reasons to believe that a
contravention of the order has been, is being,
or is about to be committed and thereafter
take or authorise the taking of all measures
necessary for securing the production of
stocks so seized in a court and for their sale
custody, pending such production. By cl. 3 of the Order every licensed, dealer is directed to "sell" to the State Government 50% of the wheat held in stock by him on the date of the commencement of the Order at the "controlled prices". Again out of the stock of wheat procured or purchased by him every day beginning with the date of commencement of the Order he is directed to "sell" 50% of that stock. The Order enjoins the licensed dealer to deliver the quantities specified in subcl. (1) of cl. 3 either to the Controller or to such other person as may be authorised by the Controller to take delivery on his behalf. To ensure that the licensed dealer carries out his obligation the Enforcement Officers may enter any premises where they have reason to believe that wheat is procured, purchased or stocked, and may make necessary enquiries, examine any books or documents and search any premises, vehicles, vessels and aircraft and seize wheat in respect of which they have reason to believe that a contravention of the Order has been, is being, or is about to be, committed. Obligation to deliver wheat of the quantity specified arises out of the statute. The Order takes no account of the volition of the licensed dealers and until the State Government directs otherwise, of the Controller or the authorised officer. The Order imposes an obligation upon the licensed dealer who is defined in cl. 2(d) as meaning a person holding a valid licence under the U.P. Food grains Dealers Licensing Order, 1959, to deliver the quantities of wheat specified in the Order. The State Government is directed by the Order to pay for the wheat supplied at the controlled rate. The source of the obligations to deliver the specified quantities of wheat and to pay for them is not in any contract, but in the statutory order. In our judgment cl. 3 sets up a machinery for compulsory, acquisition by the State Government of stocks of wheat belonging to the licensed dealers. The Order, it is true, makes no provision in respect of the place and manner of supply of wheat and payment of the controlled price. It contains a bald injunction to supply wheat of the specified quantity day after day, and enacts that in default of compliance the dealer is liable to -be punished; it does not envisage any consensual arrangement. It does not require the State Government to enter into even an informal contract. A sale predicates a contract of sale of goods between persons competent to contract for a price paid or promised : a transaction in which an obligation to supply goods is imposed, and which does not involve an obligation to enter into a contract, cannot be called a ’sale’, even if the person supplying goods is declared entitled to the value of goods, which is determined or determinable in the manner prescribed. Assuming that between the licensed dealer and the Controller, there may be some arrangements about the place and manner of delivery of wheat, and the payment of " controlled price", the operation of cl. 3 does not on that account become contractual. The High Court relied upon the following observations in Ram Bilas Ram Gopal’s case(’)
"Analysing clause 3 of the Levy Order it is
clear that a licensed dealer is obliged to
sell to the State Government fifty, per cent
of the wheat held in stock by him at the
commencement of the Order, and thereafter
fifty per cent of the wheat daily procured or
purchased by him beginning with the date of
commencement of the Order until such time as
the State Government otherwise directs. The
price at which the wheat is sold is the maxi-
mum price fixed in the Wheat (Uttar Pradesh)
Price Control Order, 1959 as notified by the
Government of India. Delivery of the wheat
has to be given by the dealer to the Regional
Food Controller or a person authorised by him
in that behalf. The dealer has no option but
to sell the specified percentage of wheat to
the State Government. The State Government
has also no option but to purchase fifty per
cent of the wheat held in stock by the dealer
at the commencement of the Levy Order. As
regards the wheat procured or purchased daily
by the dealer thereafter, it is open to the
State Government to say that from any
particular date it will not purchase any or
all of the specified percentage of wheat.
Therefore, as regards that wheat the Levy
Order leaves it open to one of the parties,
namely the State Government to decide when it
will stop purchasing wheat from the dealer.
That in substance is clause 3 of (1961) All. L.J. 424
the Levy Order and it embodies the total sum
of obligations imposed on the dealer and the
State Government. All other details of the
transaction are left open to negotiation. It
leaves it open to the parties to negotiate in
respect of the time and the mode of payment of
the price, the time and mode of delivery of
wheat, and other conditions of the contract." Clause 3 of the Order compels the licensed dealer to deliver to the Controller or his authorised agent every day 50% of the wheat procured or purchased by him. There is no scope for negotiations there. Assuming that the Controller may designate the place of delivery and the place of payment of price at the controlled rate, and the licensed dealer acquiesces therein, or even when in respect of those two matters there is some consensual arrangement, in our judgment, supply of wheat pursuant to cl. 3 of the Order and acceptance thereof do not result in a contract of sale. The High Court observed that
".......whatever compulsive or coercive force
is used to bring about a transaction under
clause 3 of the Levy Order, it must be traced
to legislation. It cannot be attributed to
the State Government as a party to the
transaction. This, then, is clear. There is
nothing in the Levy Order which can be accused
of vitiating the free consent of the parties
as defined under Sec. 14 of the Indian
Contract Act, when entering into the contract
of sale." But these observations assume a contract of sale which the Order does not contemplate. If there be a contract, the restrictions imposed by statute may not vitiate the consent. But the contract cannot be assumed. We may refer to certain decisions of this Court on which reliance was placed at the Bar. In M/s. New India Sugar Mills’ case(’) under the Sugar and Sugar Products Control Order, 1946, a scheme was devised for equitable distribution of sugar. The consuming States intimated to the Sugar Controller of India their requirements of sugar and the factory owners sent statements of stocks of sugar held by them. The Controller made allotments to various States and addressed orders to the factory owners directing them to supply sugar to the States in question in accordance with the despatch instructions from the State Governments. Under the allotment orders, M/s. New India Sugar Mills Ltd., in Bihar despatched stocks of sugar to the State of Madras. The State of Bihar treated the transaction as a sale and levied tax thereon under the Bihar Sales Tax Act, 1947. The tax payer contended that the supplies of sugar; pursuant to the directions of the Controller, did not result in sales, and that no tax was exigible on such transactions. A majority of the Court observed that despatches of sugar pursuant to the directions of the Controller were not made in pursuance of -any contract of sale. There was no offer by the tax payer to the State of Madras, and no acceptance by the latter; the tax payer was under the Control Order compelled to carry out the directions of the Controller and it had no volition in the matter. Intimation by the State of its requirements of sugar to the controller or communication of the allotment order to the assessee did not amount to an offer. Nor did the mere compliance with despatch instructions issued by the Controller, which the assessee had not the option to refuse to comply with, amount to acceptance of an offer Or to making of an offer. A contract of sale of goods postulates a voluntary arrangement regarding goods between the contracting parties. It was held that in the case before the Court there was no such voluntary arrangement. In two later decisions of this Court the true character of transactions in which supplies of commodities were made pursuant to Control Orders was examined. In Indian Steel & Wire Products Ltd. v. State of Madras(’) the tax-payer supplied certain steel products to various persons in the State of Madras pursuant to the directions given by the Steel Controller exercising powers under the Iron and Steel (Control of Production and Distribution) Order, 1941. The authorities of the State of Madras assessed the turnover of the tax-payer resulting from those transactions to sales tax under the Madras General Sales Tax Act. The tax-payer contended that the transactions of supply did not result in sales and were on that account not exposed to sales-tax, because steel products were supplied pursuant to the directions of the Iron and Steel Controller made under cl. 10B of the Order there being no mutual assent between the parties to the transaction. This Court held that the supplies were made pursuant to the directions issued under cl. 5 of the Order and not pursuant to the directions issued under cl. 10B of the Order. It was observed that the Orders were in respect of goods not yet manufactured, whereas under cl. 10B directions could be given only in respect of goods already in stock, and since cl. 5 did not require the Controller to regulate or control every facet of a transaction between a producer and the person to whom the taxpayer supplied iron and steel products the transactions were consensual. Clause 5 of the Order read as follows
"No producer or stock-holder shall dispose of
or agree to dispose of or export or agree to
export from British India any iron or steel,
except in accordance with (1) [1968] 1 S.C.R. 479.
the conditions contained or incorporated in a
general or special written order of the
Controller." Clause 10B provided
"The Controller may, by a written order
require any person holding stock of iron and
steel, acquired by him otherwise than in
accordance with the provisions of clause 4 to
sell the whole or any part of the stock to
such person or class of persons and on such
terms and conditions as may be specified in
the Order." Comparing the terms of cl. 5 with the terms of cl. 10, the Court observed that liberty of contract in large measure was reserved to the producer or stockholder and to the purchaser in the matter of disposal of iron & steel. The obligation imposed by cl. 5 was, it was said, not to dispose of or agree to dispose of or export or agree to export any iron or steel except in accordance with the conditions contained or incorporated in the order of the Controller and that since there was liberty of contract between the parties but subject to restrictions, the transaction could be regarded as a sale. It was observed at p. 489 :
"But under clause 5 he can authorise a
producer or a stockholder to dispose of any
iron or steel whether the same is in stock or
not in accordance with the conditions
contained or incorporated in a sp ecial or
general written order issued by him. In the
instant case, as can be gathered from the
correspondence already referred to, the order
issued by the Controller could be complied
with only after manufacturing the required
material. Hence, the order issued by the
Controller could not have been issued under
clause 10B."
The Court then observed :
"........ the area within which there can be
bargaining between a prospective buyer and PA
intending seller of steel products, is greatly
reduced. Both of them have to conform to the
requirements of the order and to comply with
the terms and conditions contained in the
order of the Controller. Therefore they could
negotiate only in respect of matters not
controlled by the order or prescribed by the
Controller."
The Court also observed :
"It would be incorrect to contend that because
law imposes some restrictions on freedom to
contract, there is no contract at all. So
long as mutual assent is not completely
excluded in -any dealing, in law it is a con-
tract. On the facts of this case for the
reasons already
mentioned, it is not possible to accept the
contention of the learned counsel for the
appellant that nothing was left to be decided
by mutual assent." The Court in that case distinguished the case in M/s. New India Sugar Mills’ case(’) and expressly reserved their opinion on the question whether supplies of goods pursuant to the directions issued under cl. 10B of the Order may be regarded as sales. The decision in Indian Steel & Wire Products Ltd.’s case(’) does not justify the view that even if the liberty of contract in relation to the fundamentals of the transaction is completely excluded a transaction of supply of goods pursuant to directions issued under a Control Order may be regarded as a sale. In Andhra Sugars Ltd. & Anr. v. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.(3) again, in the view of the Court liberty of contract between parties to transactions relating to supply of sugarcane was not ruled out. Under the Andhra Pradesh Sugarcane (Regulation of Supply and Purchase) Act, 1961, the occupier of a sugar factory had to buy sugarcane from canegrowers in conformity with the directions of the Cane Commissioner. Under s. 21 of the Act the State Government had power to tax purchases of sugarcane for use, consumption or -sale in a sugar factory. Certain owners of sugar factories contended that "s. 21 was invalid." They contended that they were compelled by law to buy cane from the canegrowers, and since purchases made by them were not under agreements, the price paid for sugarcane could not be taxed under a statute enacted in exercise of the power in Entry 54 List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. This Court held that under Act 45 of 1961 and the rules framed thereunder, the cane-grower in the factory zone was free to make or not to make an offer of sale of cane to the occupier of the factory; if the cane-grower made an offer, the occupier of the factory was bound to accept it, and the agreement resulting therefrom was recorded in writing and was signed by the parties.,, The consent of the occupier of the factory was free as defined in s. 14 of the Indian Contract Act. The compulsion of law is it was said not coercion as defined in s. 15 of the Act. The agreements were enforceable by law and were regarded as contracts of sale as defined in s. 4 of the Indian Sale of Goods Act. In a later decision of this Court, State of Rajasthan & Anr. v. M/s. Karam Chand ‘happar & Bros. Ltd., (4) the assessee who had acquired monopoly rights to supply coal in Rajasthan and sold coal to the State of Rajasthan. The Sales Tax Officer sought to (3) [1968] 1 S.C.R. 705, (2) [1968] 1 S.C.R. 479. (4) [1969] 1 S.C.R. 861, tax the turnover from supplies of coal made to the State of Rajasthan. It was held by this Court that the colliery Control Order super-imposed upon the agreement between the -parties the rate fixed by the Control Order and by reason of such super-imposition of the rate fixed by the Control Order the mutual assent of the parties and the voluntary character of the transactions were not affected. The decision of this Court’ in M/s. New India Sugar Mills’ case(’) was distinguished on the ground that there was in the case then in hand mutual assent between the parties, to the transaction of supply of coal. The decision of the House of Lords in Kirkness (Inspector of Taxes) v. John Hudson & Co. Ltd.(’) is instructive. In that case liability to pay income-tax on the difference between the compensation received for requisition of certain wagons by the Minister of Transport was in issue. A majority of the House held that there was no sale of the wagons and no income-tax was payable. Viscount Simonds observed
"....the taxpayers’ wagons were not sold, and
it would be a grave misuse of language to say
that they were sold. To say of a man who has
had his property taken from him against his
will and been awarded compensation in the
settlement of which he has had no voice, to
say of such a man that he has sold his
property appears to me to be as far from the
truth as to say of a man who has been deprived
of his property without compensation that he
has given it away. Alike in the ordinary use
of language and in its legal concept, a sale
connotes the mutual assent of two parties. So
far as the ordinary use of language is
concerned, it is difficult to avoid being
dogmatic but, for my part, I can only echo
what Singleton, L.J., said in his admirably
clear judgment-(1954)1 All E.R. at page 32):
"What would any one accustomed to the use of
the words ’sale’ or ’sold’ answer ? It seems
to me that every one must say ’the taxpayer
did not sell’." " On the date of the commencement of the U.P. Wheat Procurement (Levy) Order, upon the licensed dealer was imposed a liability to deliver half the quantity of wheat on hand, and he had also to supply to the State Government 50% of the quantity of wheat procured or purchased by him every day beginning with the date of commencement of the Order. If he failed to carry out the obligation he was liable to be penalized. To ensure that he carried out his obligation his premises were liable to be searched and (2) (1955) A.C. 696. his property sequestered. The order ignored the volition of the dealer. We are unable to hold that there was any contract between the assessee and the State pursuant to which the goods were sold within the meaning of the U.P. Sales Tax Act. The appeals are allowed. The order passed by the High Court is set aside. The answer to the two questions as reframed by us will be in the negative. The appellants will be entitled to their costs in this Court and in the High Court. One hearing fee. Y.P. Appeals allowed.