ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 252 of 1972. Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ in the nature of habeas corpus. S. K. Gambhir, for the petitioner (amicus curiae) Gobind Mukhoty and G. S. Chatterjee, for the, respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by DUA, J. This petition for a writ in the nature of habeas corpus, by Manu Bhusan Roy Pradhan has been forwarded to this Court by the Superintendent, Dum Dum Central Jail, West Bengal. Pursuant to the order of detention passed by the District Magistrate, Jalpaiguri, on August 21, 1971 in exercise of the powers conferred on him by S. 9 read with sub-s. (2) of S. 3 of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 26 of 1971 (hereinafter called the Act) with a view to preventing the petitioner from acting in any nianner prejudicial to the maintenance of public order, he was arrested on November 11, 1971. The grounds of detention served on the petitioner at the time of his arrest read :
"On 16-4-71 at about 20.00 hours you along
with others committed a murderous assault on
Shri Bulo Das Gupta on the road in front of
the office of Mahila Samity, Dhupguri, Police
Station Dhupguri, District Jalpaiguri causing
severe injuries on his person. Shri Das Gupta
subsequently died in hospital. As a result of
this murder committed by you people of the
locality became highly terrorised and the
public peace was greatly disturbed.
On 19-7-1971 at about 19.30 hours you along
with others forcibly entered into Dhupguri
High School, Police Station Dhupguri, District
Jalpaiguri and set fire to the school
buildings causing irreparable loss to the
institution in particular and the people in
general. you set fire to the school with the
ulterior object of causing dislocation in the
present system of education and to compel the
school authorities to close down the same. As
a result of the fire set by you, the teachers
and the local people became panic-stricken and
the public peace was greatly disturbed." The fact of making the detention order was reported to the State Government on August 23, 1971. It was approved by the said Government on August 31, 1971; the same day this fact was reported to the Central Government. On December 9, 1971 the case was placed before the, Advisory Board which gave its opinion as per its report dated January 18, 1972 that there was sufficient cause for the petitioner’s detention. The State Government confirmed this order on February 1, 1972 and this fact was reported to the Central Government on February 3, 1972. The petitioner’s representation was received by the State Government on December 11, 1971. But it was considered on January 14, 1972. In the counter-affidavit this delay has been explained’ in these words :
"........ due to influx of refugees as well as
the Pakistan aggression at that time, most of
the officers of the Home Department of the
State Government were very busy with serious
problems which threatened and faced the
country at that time, and as such the said
representation could not be considered
earlier. Moreover I further state that delay
was also caused due to abrupt increase in
number of the detention cases during that time
as there was spate of anti-social activities
by Naxalities and other political extremists
in the State." Before us Shri S. K. Gambhir, the learned counsel appearing as amicus curiae submitted that the petitioner, who is only 17 years old and is studying in the Xth class in Dhupguri High School, was arrested on August 5, 1971 in connection with six cases. He was bailed out on November 10, 1971 but was re-arrested soon thereafter. It was further submitted that ground no. I stated in, the order of detention is vague and has also no relevance to the maintenance of public order with the result that the petitioner’s detention must be held to be bad in law for it is not possible to say how far this ground influenced the decision of the authority concerned in making the impugned order of detention. On behalf of the State it was contended that the petitioner was found to be absconding when the detention order was made and: that lie was arrested on November 11, 1971. Reliance for this submission was placed on the counter-affidavit. It is note-worthy that in that counter-affidavit, which was affirmed on August 24, 1972 by the Deputy Secretary, Home (Special) Department ofGovernment of West Bengal, nothing, has been stated in reply to the averments made in the petitioner’s representation dated December 4/6, 1971 addressed from Jail to the Assistant Secretary Home (Special) Department, Government of West Bengal regarding the petitioner’s arrest in six cases of which specific numbers were stated; nor is there any positive reply to the averment that he had been bailed out on November 10, 1971. Surprisingly enough no explanation was suggested for this omission even at the Bar during the course of arguments in this Court. The respondents’ learned counsel relied on the averments made in para 7 of the counter-affidavit. It is stated therein :
"The detenu-petitioner is a staunch supporter
of C.P.I. (ML) party and is active member of
the Actionsquad of that party. It appears
that the petitioner along with his associates
on 16-4-71 at about 20.00 hours committed
murderous assault on Shri Bulo Das Gupta on
the road in front of Mahila Samity P. S.
Dhupguri in consequence whereof he died. It
further appears that the detenu-petitioner
along with others forcibly entered Dhupguri
High School on 19-7-71 and set fire to the
school buildings causing substantial damages
with ulterior object of causing dislocation in
the present system of education. The
aforesaid activities of the petitioner causes
panic commotion amongst the members of the
general public as well as the teachers of the
said institutes and disturbed public order and
so the petitioner was detained under the said
Act." It was contended that this averment brings the petitioner’s case within the purview of S. 3(1) and (2) of the Act even though in the grounds supplied to the detenu there was no reference to his being a staunch supporter of C.P.I. (ML) party and to his being an active member of the Action-squad of that party. In our view, ground no. 1 which does not mention the names details of the others along with whom the petitioner is alleged to have committed the assault, only refers to an assault on an individual named Bulo Das Gupta on April 16, 1971 which prima facie appears to raise only a law and order problem. in Arun Ghosh v. State of West Bengal(1) several instances of assaults were stated in the grounds of detention. Hidayatullah C.J. speaking for the Court observed in that case
"The submission of the counsel is that these
are stray acts directed against individuals
and are not subversive of public order and
therefore the detention on the ostensible
ground of preventing him from acting in a
manner prejudicial to public order was not
justified. In support of this submission
reference is made to three cases, of
this Court : Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia v. State of
Bihar(2) Pushkar Mukherjee & Ors. v. State of
West Bengal 3 ) and Shyamal Chakraborty v. The
Commissioner of Police Calcutta & Anr. (4) .
In Dr. Ram
Manohar Lohia’s case this Court pointed out
the difference between maintenance of law and
order and its disturbance and the maintenance
of public order and its disturbance. Public
order was said to embrace more of the
community than law and order. Public order is
the even tempo of the life of the community
taking the country as a whole or even a
specified locality. Disturbance of public
order is to be distinguished from acts
directed against-individuals which do not
disturb the society to the extent of causing a
general disturbance of public tranquillity.
It is the degree of disturbance and its effect
upon the life of the community in alocality
which determines whether the disturbance
amounts only to a breach of law and order.
Take for instance, a man stabs another.
People may be shocked and even disturbed, but,
the life of the community keeps moving at an
even tempo, however much one may dislike the
act. Take another case of a town where there
is communal tension. A man stabs a member of
the other community. This is an act of a very
different sort. Its implications are deeper
and it affects the even tempo of life and
public order is jeopardized because the reper-
cussions of the act embrace large sections of
the community and incite them to make further
breaches if the law and order and to subvert
the public order. An act by itself is not
determinant of its, own gravity. In its
quality it may not differ from another but in
its potentiality it may be very different." The learned Chief Justice, after referring to the, lines of demarcation drawn by Ramaswami J., in W.P. 179 of 1968 between serious and aggravated forms of breaches of public order which affect the community or endanger the public interest at large and minor breaches of peace which do not affect the public at large, and after noting the analogy drawn by Ramaswami J., between public and private crimes, cautioned against that analogy being pushed too far, observing, that a large number of acts directed against persons or individuals may total up into a breach of public order. After referring to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia’s case (supra) the learned Chief Justice observed :
"It is always a question of degree of the harm
and its effect upon the community. The
question to ask is : Does it lead to
disturbance of the current of life of the
community so as to amount to a disturbance of
the public order or does it affect merely an
individual leaving the tranquillity of the
society undisturbed ? This question has to be
faced in every case on facts. There
is no formula by which one case can be
distinguished from another." This view was reaffirmed in Nagendra Nath Mondal v. The State ,of West Bengal(1), Sudhir Kumar Saha v. Commissioner of Police Calcutta(2), Sk. Kader v. The State of West Bengal(3), Kanu Biswas v. State of West Bengal(4), Kishori Mohan v. State ,of West Bengal(5) and Amiya Kumar Karmakar v. State of West Bengal(6). Ground no. 1 in the case before us merely mentions murderous assault by the petitioner on Bulo Das Gupta. It shows neither the nature of the weapon used nor the nature or extent of the injuries inflicted, nor does it disclose as to how long after the assault the injured person died. The motive or the purpose of the assault is also not stated. This kind of a solitary assault on one individual, which may well be equated with an ordinary murder which is not an uncommon occurrence, can hardly be said to disturb public peace or place public order in jeopardy, so as to bring the case within the purview of, the Act. It can only raise a law and order problem and no more; its impact on the society as a whole cannot be considered to be so extensive, widespread and forceful as to disturb the normal life of the community thereby rudely shaking. the balanced tempo of the orderly life of the ,general public. This ground is, therefore, not at an relevant for sustaining the order of detention for preventing the petitioner from acting in a manner prejudicial to, the maintenance of public order. Ground no. 2, however, is quite germane to the problem of maintenance of public order. But the question arises whether in theabsence of ground no. 1 which, in our view, Ts wholly irrelevant, the detaining authority would have felt satisfied on the basis of the solitary ground no. 2 alone to make the impugned order. Can it be said that ground no. 1 is of a comparatively unessential nature so as not to have meaningfully influenced the decision of the detaining authority. Similar problem has faced this Court on a number of occasions and the decision has generally gone in favour of the detenu. This Court in Dr. Ram Krishan Bhardwaj v. The State of Delhi(7) laid down that the requirement that the grounds must not be vague must be satisfied with respect to each of the grounds. In Dwarka Das Bhatia v. The State of Jammu & Kashmir(8) the principle deduced from the earlier decisions of this Court and also from the decision of the Federal Court in Keshav Talpade v. The King Emperor(9) was stated thus: (1) A.T.R. 1972 S.C. 665.(2) [1970] 3 S.C.R. 360. (3) A.I.R. [1972] S.C. 1647.(4) A.T.R. [1972] S.C. 1656. (5)A.T.R. (1972) S.C. 1749.(6) W.P.190/1972 dated/31-7-1972. (7) [1953] S.C.R. 708. (8) [1956] S.C.R. 948. .lm15 "Where power is vested in a statutory authority to deprive the liberty of a subject on its subjective satisfaction with reference to specified matters, if that satisfaction is stated to be based on a number of grounds or for a variety of reasons, all taken together, and if some out of them are found to be non-existent or irrelevant the very exercise of that power is bad. That is so because the matter being one for subjective satisfaction, it must be properly based on all the reasons on which it purports to be based. If some out of them are found to be nonexistent or irrelevant, the Court cannot predicate what the subjective satisfaction of the said authority would have been on the exclusion of those grounds or reasons. To uphold the validity of such an order in spite of the invalidity of some of the reasons or grounds would be to substitute the objective standards of the Court for the subjective satisfaction of the statutory authority. In applying these principles however the Court must be satisfied that the vague or irrelevant grounds are such as, if excluded, might reasonably have affected the subjective satisfaction of the appropriate authority. It is not merely because some ground or reason of a comparatively unessential nature is defective that such an order based on subjective satisfaction can be held to be invalid. The Court while’ anxious to safeguard the personal liberty of the individual will not lightly interfere with such orders. It is in the light of these principles that the validity of the impugned order has to be judged." In Rameshwar Lal v. State of Bihar(1) it was observed: "Since the detenu is not placed before a Magistrate and has only a right of being supplied the grounds of detention with a view to his making a representation to the Advisory Board the grounds must not be vague or indefinite and must afford a real opportunity to make a representation against the detention. Similarly, if a vital ground is shown to be nonexisting so that it could not have and ought not to have, played a part in the material for consideration, the court may attach some importance to this fact." In Motilal Jain v. State of Bihar(2), a decision by a Bench of six Judges, after reviewing the earlier decisions, this Court expressed its view thus : (1) [1943] F.C.R. 88.
"The defects noticed in the two grounds
mentioned above are sufficient to vitiate the
order of detention impugned in these
proceedings as it not possible to- hold that
those grounds could not have influenced the
decision of the detaining authority.
Individual liberty is a cherished right, one
of the most valuable fundamental rights
guaranteed by our Constitution to the citizens
of this country. If that right is invaded,
excepting strictly in accordance with law, the
aggrieved party is entitled to appeal to the
judicial power of the State for relief. We
are not unaware of the fact that the interest
of the society is no less important than that
of the individual. Our Constitution has made
provision for safeguarding the interests of
the society. Its provisions harmonise the
liberty of the individual with social
interest. The authorities have to act solely
on the basis of those provisions. They cannot
deal with the liberty of the individual in a
casual manner, as has been done in this case.
Such an approach does not advance the true
social interest. Continued indifference to
individual liberty is bound to erode the
structure of our democratic society." In the case before us there are only two grounds on which the detention order is based. One of them which relates to an occurrence of April, 1971 has no relevance or relation to the disturbance of public order. The other ground relates to an occurrence of July, 1971. This ground is no doubt germane to the object of maintenance of public order; but we are satisfied that the first ground is not of an unessential nature and in our view its exclusion from consideration might reasonably have affected the subjective satisfaction of the authority making the impugned order of detention. This was the test laid down in Bhatia’s case (supra) and approved in Motilal Jain (supra). As has often been emphasised by this Court the Act encroaches on the highly cherished right of personal liberty by conferring on the executive extraordinary power to detain persons without trial by coming to subjective decisions. The detaining authority in exercising this power must act strictly within the limitations this Act places on its power so that the guarantee of personal liberty is not imperiled beyond what the Constitution and the law strictly provide. The limited fight of redress conferred on the detenu under the law deserves to be construed’ with permissible liberality consistently with the provisions of the Act and the constitutional guarantee. We find that the impugned order in this case has been made without paying due heed to the provisions of the Act and the order is clearly beyond the statutory scope. The impugned order must, therefore, be struck down as outside the Act. The petitioner was released by us by means of a short order on October 4, 1972. We have now stated our reasons in support of that order. S.C. Petition allowed.