CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 124 of 1977. Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 14-2-77 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Crl. Misc. Petition No. 6070 of 1976. D. Mookerjee and D. N. Mukherjee, for the Appellants. H. S. Marwah, for Respondent No. 1 Anand Prakash and S. C. Patel, for Respondent No. 2 The Judgment of the Court was delivered by FAZAL ALI, J.-This appeal by special leave involves an important question as to the interpretation, scope, ambit and connotation of the word "interlocutory order" as appearing In sub S. (2) of S. 397 ,of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973. For the purpose of brevity, we shall refer to the Code of Criminal Procedure-, 1898 as "the 1898 Code,", to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 as amended in 1955 as "the 1955 Amendment" and to the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 as "the 1973 Code". The appeal arises in the following circumstances. An incident took place in village Amin on April 23, 1976 in the course of which three persons died and F.I.R. No. 139 dated April 22 4 23, 1976 was filed at police station Butana, District Karnal at about 5-30 P.M. The F.I.R. mentioned a number of accused persons in including the appellants as having participated in the occurrence which resulted in the death of the deceased.The police, after holding investigations, submitted a charge-sheet against the other accused persons except the appellants against whom the police opined that no case at all was made out as no, weapon was recovered nor was there any clear evidence about the participation of the appellants. The police thus submitted its final report under s. 173 of the 1973 Code insofar as the appellants were concerned. The report was placed before Mr. B. K. Gupta the Judicial Magistrate, 1st.Class, Karnal, who after perusing the same set the appellants at liberty after having accepted the report. It appears that the complainant filed a revision petition before the Additional Sessions Judge, Karnal against the order of the Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Karnal releasing the appellants, but the same was dismissed on July 3, 1976. The informant filed a regular complaint before the Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, on July 1, 1976 against all the 11 accused including the appellants. The, teamed Magistrate, after having examined the complainant and going through the record, dismissed the, complaint as he was satisfied that no case was made out against the appellants. Thereafter the complainant took up the matter in revision before the Sessions Judge, Karnal, who this time accepted the revision petition and remanded the case to the Judicial Magistrate for further enquiry. On November 15, 1976, the learned Judicial Magistrate, on receiving the order of the Sessions Judge, issued summons to the, appellants straightaway. The appellants then moved the High Court under s. 482 and s. 397 of the 1973 Code for quashing the order of the Judicial Magistrate mainly on the ground that the Magistrate had issued the summons in a mechanical manner without applying his judicial mind to the facts of the case. The High Court dismissed the petition in limine and refused to entertain it on the ground that as the order of, the Judicial Magistrate dated November 15, 1976 summoning the appellants was an interlocutory order, a revision to the High Court was barred by virtue of sub s. (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code. The learned Judge further held that as the revision was barred, the Court could not take up the case under s. 482 in order. to quash the very order of the Judicial Magistrate under s. 397(1) of the 1973 Code. Otherwise the very object of s. 397(2) would be defeated. While we fully agree with the view taken by the learned Judge that where a revision to the High Court against the order of the Subordinate Judge is expressly barred under sub-s. (2) of S. 397 of the 1973 Code the inherent powers contained in s. 482 would not be available to defeat the bar contained in s. 397(2). Section 482 of the 1973 Code contains the inherent powers of the Court and does not confer any ’new powers but preserves the powers which the High Court already possessed. A harmonious construction of ss. 397 and 482 would lead to the irresistible conclusion that where a particular order is expressly barred under s. 397(2) and cannot be the subject of revision by the High Court, then to such a case the provisions of s. 482 would not apply. It is well settled that the inherent powers of the, Court can ordinarily be exercised when there is no express provision on the subject-matter. Where there is an express provision, barring a particular remedy, the Court cannot resort to the exercise of inherent powers. So far as the second plank of the view of the learned Judge that the order of the Judicial Magistrate in the instant case was’ an interlocutory order is concerned, it is a matter which merits serious consideration. A history of the criminal legislation in India would manifestly reveal that so far as the Code of Criminal Procedure is concerned both in the 1898 Code and 1955 Amendment the widest possible powers of, revision had been given to the High Court under ss. 435 and 439 of those, Codes. The High Court could examine the propriety of any order-whether final or interlocutory-passed by any Subordinate Court in a criminal matter. No limitation and restriction on the powers of. the High Court were placed. But this Court as also the various High Courts in India, by a long course of decisions, confined the exercise of revisional powers only to cases where the impugned order suffered from any error of law or any legal infirmity causing injustice or prejudice to the accused or was manifestly foolish or perverse. These. restrictions were placed by the case law, merely as a rule of prudence rather than a rule of law and in suitable cases the High Courts had the undoubted power to interfere with the impugned order even on facts. Sections 435 and 439 being identical in the 1898 Code and 1955 Amendment insofar as they are relevant run, thus
"435(1) The High Court or any Sessions Judge
or District Magistrate or any Sub-divisional
Magistrate empowered by the State Government
in this behalf, may call ,for and examine the
record of any proceeding before any inferior
Criminal Court situate within the local limits
of its or his jurisdiction for the purpose of
satisfying itself or himself as to the
correctness, legality or propriety of any
finding, sentence or order recorded or passed,
and as to the regularity of any proceedings of
such inferior Court..............
"439.(1) In the case of any proceeding the
record of which has been called for by itself
or which has been reported for orders, or
which otherwise comes to its knowledge, the
High Court may, in its discretion, exercise
any of the powers conferred on a Court of
appeal by section 423, 426, 427 and 428 or on
a Court by section 338, and may enhance the,
sentence; and, when the Judges composing the
Court of revision are equally divided in
opinion, the case shall be disposed of in
manner provided by section 429.
(2) No order under this section shall be
made to the prejudice of the, accused unless
he has had an opportunity of being heard
either personally or by pleader in his own
defence." In fact the only rider that was put under S. 439 was that where the Court enhanced the sentence the accused had to be given an opportunity of. being heard. The concept of an interlocutory order qua the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court, therefore, was completely foreign to the earlier Code. Subsequently it appears that there had been large number of arrears and the High Courts were flooded with revisions of all kinds against interim or interlocutory orders which led to enormous delay in the disposal of cases and exploitation of the poor accused by the affluent prosecutors. Some times interlocutory orders caused harassment to the accused by unnecessarily protracting the trials. It was in the background of these facts that the Law Commission dwelt on this aspect of the matter and in the 14th and 41st Reports submitted by the Commission which formed the basis of the 1973 Code the said Commission suggested revolutionary changes to be made in the powers of the High Courts. The recommendations of the Commission were examined carefully by the Government, keeping in view, the following basic’ considerations
(i) an accused person should get a fair
trial in accordance with the accepted
principles of natural justice;
(ii) every effort should be made to avoid
delay in investigation and trial which is
harmful not only to the individuals involved
but also to society; and
(iii) ’the procedure should not be complicated
and should, to the utmost extent possible,
ensure fair deal to the poorer sections of the
community." This is clearly mentioned, in the Statement of Objects and Reasons accompanying the 1973 Code. Clause (d) of Paragraph 5 of the Statement of Objects and Reasons-runs thus :
"the, powers of revision against interlocutory
orders are being takken away, as it has been
found to be one of the main contributing
factors in the delay of disposal of criminal
cases
Similarly, replying to the debate in the Lok
Sabha on sub-clause (2) of Clause 397, Shri
Ram Niwas Mirdha, the Minister concerned,
observed as follows :
"It was stated before the Select Committee
that a large number of appeals against
interlocutory orders are filed with the result
that the appeals got delayed considerably.
Some of the more notorious cases concern big
business persons. So, this new provision was
also welcomed by most of the witnesses as well
as the Select Committee........... This was a
well-thought out measure so we do not want to
delete it". 22 7 Thus it would appear that s. 397(2) was incorporated in the 1973 Code with the avowed purpose of cutting out delays and ensuring that the accused persons got a fair trial without much delay and the procedure was not made complicated. Thus the paramount object in inserting this new provision of subs. (2) of s. 397 was to safeguard the interest of the accused. Let us now proceed to interpret the provisions of s. 397 against the historical background of these facts. Subsection (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code may be extracted thus :
"The powers of revision conferred by Sub-
section (1) shall not be exercised in relation
to any interlocutory order passed ;in any
appeal, inquiry, trial or other proceeding." The main question which falls for determination in this appeal is as to, the what is the connotation of the term "interlocutory order" as appearing in sub-s. (2) of s. 397 which bars any revision of such an order by the High Court. The term "interlocutory order" is a term of well-known legal significance and does not present any serious diffident. It has been used in various statutes including the Codeof Civil Procedure, Letters Patent of the High Courts and other like statutes. In Webster’s New World Dictionary "interlocutory" has been defined as an order other than final decision. Decided cases have laid down that interlocutory orders to be appealable must be those which decide ’the rights and liabilities of the parties concerning a particular aspect. It seems to, us thatthe term "interlocutory order" in s. 397(2) of the 1973 Code has beenused in a restricted sense and not in any broad or artistic sense.It merely denotes orders of a purely interim or temporary nature which do not decide or touch the important rights, or the liabilities of the parties. Any order which substantially affects the, right of the accused, or decides certain rights of the parties cannot be said to be an interlocutory order so as to bar a revision to the High Court against that order, because that would be against the very object which formed the basis for insertion of this particular provision in s. 397 of the, 1973 Code. Thus, for instance, orders summoning witnesses, adjourning cases, passing orders for bail, calling for reports and such other steps in aid of the pending proceeding, may no doubt amount to interlocutory orders against which no revision would lie under s. 397 (2) of the 1973 Code. But orders which are matters of moment and which affect or adjudicate the rights of the accused or a particular aspect of the trial cannot be said to be interlocutory order so as to be. outside the purview of the revisional jurisdiction of the High Court. In Central Bank of India v. Gokal Chand(1) this Court while describing the incidents of an interlocutory order, observed as follows
"In the context of s. 38(1), the words "every
order of the Controller made under this Act",
though very wide, do not include interlocutory
orders, which are. merely procedural
(1) A.I.R. 1967 S.C. 799, 800.
and do not affect the rights or liabilities of
the parties. In a pending proceeding the
Controller, may pass many interlocutory orders
under ss. 36 and 37, such as orders regarding
the summoning of witnesses, discovery,
production and inspection of documents, issue
of a commission for examination of witnesses,
inspection of premises, fixing a date of
hearing and the admissibility of a document or
the relevancy of a question. All these
interlocutory orders are steps taken towards
the final adjudication and for assisting the
parties in the prosecution of their case in
the pending proceeding; they regulate the
procedure only ’and do not affect any right or
liability of the parties." The aforesaid decision clearly illustrates the nature and incidents of ’an interlocutory order and the incidents given by this Court constitute sufficient guidelines to interpret the connotation of the. word "interlocutory order" as appearing in sub-s. (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code. Similarly in a later case in Mohan Lal Magan Lal Thacker v. State of Gujarat(1) this Court pointed out that the finality of an order could not be judged by co-relating that order with the controversy in the complaint. The fact that the controversy still remained alive was irrelevant. In that case this Court held that even though it was an interlocutory order, the order was a final order. Similary in Baldevdas v. Filmistan Distributors (India) Pvt. Ltd. (2) while interpreting the import of the words "case decided" appearing in S. 115 of the. Code of Civil Procedure, this Court observed as follows:
"A case may be said to be decided, if the
Court adjudicates for the purposes of the suit
some right or obligation of the parties in
controversy;" Apart from this it would appear that under the various provisions of the Letters Patent of the High Courts in India, an appeal lies to a Division Bench from an order passed by a Single Judge and some High Courts have held that even though the order may appear to be an interlocutory one where it does decide one of the aspect of the rights of the parties it is, appealable. For instance, an order of a Single Judge granting a temporary injunction was held by a Full Bench of Allahabad High Court in Standard Glass Beads Factory and Anr.v. Shri Dhar & Ors. (3) as not being an interlocutory order having decided some rights of the parties and was, therefore, appealable. To, the same, effect are the decisions of the Calcutta High Court in Union of India v. Khetra Mohan Banerjee(4), of the Lahore High Court in Gokal Chand v. Sanwal Das and others;(5) of the Delhi High Court (1) [1968] 2 S.C.R. 685. (2) A.I.R. [1970] S.C. 406. (3) A.I.R. [1960] All. 692. (4) A.I.R. [1960] Cal. 190. (5) A.I.R. [1920] Lah. 326. in Begum Aftab Zamani v. Shri Lal Chand Khanna(1) and of the Jammu & Kashmir High Court in Har Parshad Wali and Anr. v. Naranjan Nath Matoo and others(2). Applying the aforesaid tests, let us now see whether the order impugned in the instant case can be said to be an interlocutory order as held by the High Court. In the first place, so far as the appellants are concerned, the police had submitted its final report against them and they were released by the Judicial Magistrate. A revision against that order to the Additional Sessions Judge preferred by the complainant had failed. Thus the appellants, by virtue of the order of the Judicial Magistrate as’ affirmed by the Additional Sessions Judge ,acquired a valuable right of not being put on trial unless a proper order was made against them. Then came the complaint by respondent No. 2 before the Judicial Magistrate which was also dismissed ,on merits. The Sessions Judge in revision, however, set aside the order dismissing the complaint and ordered further inquiry. The Magistrate on receiving the order of the Sessions Judge summoned the appellants straightaway which meant that the appellants were to, be put on trial. So long as the Judicial Magistrate had not passed this order, no proceedings were started against the appellants, nor were ,any such proceedings pending against them. It was only with the passing of the impugned order that the proceedings started and the question of the appellants being put up for trial arose for the first time. This was undoubtedly a valuable right which the appellants possessed and which was being denied to them by the impugned order. It cannot, therefore, be said that the appellants were not at all prejudiced, ,or that any right of theirs was not involved by the impugned order. It is difficult to hold that the impugned order summoning the appellants straightaway was merely an interlocutory order which could not be revised by the High Court under sub-ss. (1) and (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code. The order of the Judicial Magistrate ’summoning the appellants in the circumstances of the present case, particularly having regard to what had preceded, was undoubtedly a matter of moment, and a valuable right of the appellants had been taken away by the Magistrate’s passing an order prima facie in a mechanical fashion without applying his mind. We are, therefore, satisfied that the order impugned was one which was a matter of moment and which did involve a decision regarding the rights of the appellants. If the appellants were not summoned, then they could not have faced the trial at all, but by compelling the appellants to face a trial without proper application of mind cannot be held to be an interlocutory matter but one which decided a serious question as to the rights of the appellants to be put on trial. For these reasons, the order of the Judicial Magistrate, 1st Class, Karnal dated November 15, 1976 cannot be said to be an interlocutory order and does not fall within the mischief of sub-s. (2) of s. 397 of the 1973 Code and is not covered by the same. That being the posi(1) A.I.R. 1969 Delhi 85. (2) A.I.R. 1959 J. & K. 139. tion, a revision against this order was fully competent under S. 397(1) or under s. 482 of the same Code, because the scope of both these sections in a matter of this kind is more or less the same. As we propose to remand this case to the High Court to decide the revision on merits, we refrain from making any observation regarding the merits of the case. The appeal is, therefore, allowed, the order of the High Court dated February 14, 1977 refusing to entertain the revision petition of the appellants is ’set aside. The High Court is directed to admit the revision petition filed by the appellants and to decide it on merits in accordance with the law. P.B.R. Appeal allowed.