CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 47 of 1974.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 10-8-1973 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Criminal Revision Case No. 648/72 and Criminal Revision Petition No. 992/72.
Dr. Y. S. Chitale and Vineet Kumar for the Appellant.
M. A. Khader and Venkatarao & G. N. Rao for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment dated August 18, 1973 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court.
The facts of the case have been detailed in the judgment of the High Court and it is not necessary to repeat them all over again. The appellant was tried by the Magistrate for offences under s. 135(1) (b) (ii) of the Customs Act, 1962 and s.85(ii) read with s. 8(i) of the Gold Control Act, and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for nine months under each count. Both the sentences were directed to run concurrently. Sentences of fine were also imposed. The Sessions Judge, on appeal, set aside the conviction and sentence under the Gold Control Act and acquitted the appellant of that charge for the reason that the requisite sanction for his prosecution was not accorded, but maintained the conviction and sentence of the appellant under s. 135 (1)(b) (ii) of the Customs Act. Thereafter, the appellant went up in revision to the High Court which confirmed the conviction and sentence upheld by the Sessions Judge. Then the appellant moved this Court and this appeal is by special leave.
The allegations made against the appellant may be briefly stated. On 16-4-1971 P.W. 4, Superintendent of Central Excise issued a warrant (Ext. P-3) authorising P.W. 3 and another Inspector to proceed to the house of the appellant at 6.30 a.m. P. W. 3 called P.W. 1 and one Nihalchand as mediators and informed them that the accused had concealed gold biscuits of foreign origin in his house and hence it was decided to search his house. When the search was conducted, the accused was directed to produce the gold biscuits of foreign origin in his possession. The accused denied that he possessed any but the Excise officials searched the house and found in a secret chamber of an iron safe, which was opened by the accused with the keys in his possession, a bundle containing 28 gold biscuits and a half biscuit marked as M. Os. 1-29. All these biscuits bore foreign markings. In another secret chamber were found gold earrings in plastic boxes and a bundle of currency notes. The accused was then questioned in the presence of the witnesses and he stated that he had been receiving gold biscuits from some unknown person from Bombay and that the other articles belonged to him and his mother. On being questioned further, the accused admitted that he had no general or special permit from the Reserve Bank of India or the Gold Control Administrator to import or keep foreign gold. The statement of the accused was recorded and is marked Ext. P4. Before launching a prosecution, the Collector of Central Excise issued a notice calling upon the appellant to show cause why M. Os. 1 to 51 be not confiscated and penalty levied. The accused gave his explanation, Ext. P-7. Thereafter, the Collector passed orders of adjudication confiscating the articles and imposed a penalty of Rs. 5,000/. On appeal,
the confiscation of jewellery and cash was set aside. Subsequently, PW 5, the Assistant Collector of Customs filed a complaint for the prosecution of the appellant under the Customs Act. We have already mentioned that the prosecution and conviction under the Gold Control Act was set aside for lack of proper sanction. It is also admitted by the prosecution in the instant case that as no seizure was made in accordance with the provisions of the Customs Act, the presumption under s. 123 thereof was not available to the prosecution.
Section 135(1) (b), under which the appellant has been convicted, runs thus :-
"135(1) Without prejudice to any action that may
be taken under this Act, if any person-
(b) acquires possession of or is in any way
concerned in carrying, removing, depositing,
harbouring, keeping, concealing, selling or purchasing
or in any other manner dealing with any goods which he
knows or has reason to believe are liable to
confiscation under section 111."
Analysing the essential ingredients of clause (b), it is manifest that before a conviction can be recorded under it, the prosecution must prove that the accused has acquired possession of or is in any way concerned in depositing, keeping, etc., any goods which he knows or has reason to believe are liable to confiscation under s. 111. Thus in the instant case, as no presumption under s. 123 was available, it was for the prosecution to prove affirmatively that the appellant was in possession of smuggled gold knowing full well that it was imported from outside the country so as to fall within the ambit of s. 111. Dr. Chitale, appearing for the appellant, contended that if the presumption under s. 123 is not available to the prosecution, then there is no legal evidence to show that the appellant had any knowledge or had any reason to believe that the goods were imported or were smuggled without a lawful permit. The counsel appearing for the State, however, submitted that the fact that the gold bore foreign markings and was recovered from the possession of the appellant who had admitted in his statement before the Customs officers that some unknown person had given it to him, would itself raise a sufficient presumption to attribute knowledge to the appellant that the gold was smuggled without any permit. Although the question raised by the counsel for the parties is not free from difficulty, an overall consideration of the special facts of the present case would show that there could no difficulty in holding that having regard to the admissions
made by the appellant and his subsequent conduct, the onus would shift to the appellant to show that the gold found from him with foreign markings was imported without any permit to his knowledge. This will be the combined effect of the provisions of ss. 106 and 114 of the Evidence Act. The matter was considered at great length in the case of Berham Khurshed Pesikaka v. The State of Bombay(1) where this Court holding that s. 106 could not be construed to place the onus on the accused to prove the prosecution case, observed as follows :-
"Section 106 of the Evidence Act cannot be
construed to mean that the accused has by reason of the
circumstance that the facts are especially within his
own knowledge to prove that he has not committed the
offence. (See Attygalle v. The King-A.I.R. 1936 P.C.
169, also In re: Kanakasabai Pillai-A. I. R. 1940
Madras 1). It is for the prosecution to prove that he
has committed the offence and that burden is not in any
manner whatsoever displaced by section 106 of the
Evidence Act." These observations were made with respect to the peculiar facts of that case. It appears that what had happened in that case was that the appellant was found to be guilty of an offence under the Prohibition Act and the only evidence to prove his guilt was that he was smelling of alcohol. This Court held that it was for the prosecution to prove the contravention of the provisions of the Prohibition Act and to prove further that a particular intoxicant which was a liquor under the Act, was consumed by the accused and merely because the accused knew what he had taken (which was a matter within his knowledge) could not relieve the prosecution of the burden of proving that the liquor consumed was an intoxicant as defined under the Act. It is, therefore, clear that the observations made by this Court regarding the interpretation of s. 106 of the Evidence Act would not apply to the facts of the present case. In the case of Issardas Daulat Ram & Ors. v. The Union of India & Ors.(2) this Court, after discussing the admitted circumstances of the case, found that the relevant pieces of evidence would prove the guilty knowledge of the accused. That was a case which arose under s. 178 (A) of the Sea Customs Act and this Court observed as follows :-
"If the gold now in question had been imported
earlier it would be extremely improbable that the gold
would remain in the same shape of bars and with the
same fineness
as when imported after the passage of this length of
time. It was precisely for this reason that at the
stage of the enquiry before the Collector the principal
point which was urged on behalf of the appellants was
to deny that the seized gold was of foreign origin and
it is the nature of the defence that accounts for the
order of the Collector dealing almost wholly with the
consideration of that question. In order to reach his
finding about the gold being smuggled, the Collector
has referred to the conduct of the appellants ......
These were undoubtedly relevant pieces of evidence
which bore on the question regarding the character of
the gold, whether it was licit or illicit. Learned
counsel is, therefore, not right in his submission
regarding the absence of material before the Collector
to justify the finding recorded in paragraph 6 we have
set out earlier."
The facts of the present case appear to us to be almost on all fours with the facts of the case mentioned above. Here, also, the facts are that gold with foreign marking in the shape of biscuits without indicating any change was recovered from the possession of the appellant. Secondly, the appellant admitted that the gold was brought from outside the country. The appellant further admitted that he did not hold any permit for importing the gold and the plea taken by him was that some unknown person had delivered the gold to him. In view of these circumstances and the fact as to how the accused came into possession of the gold and whether it was imported or not being within the special knowledge of the accused, if he failed to disclose the identity of the person who gave him the gold, then it was open to the Court to presume under ss. 106 and 114 of the Evidence Act that the appellant knew that the gold in his possession was smuggled and imported without permit.
In The State of Punjab v. Gian Chand & Ors. (Criminal Appeal No. 195 of 1962 disposed of on 2-4-1968), while examining the validity of conviction and sentence under s. 167(81) of the Sea Customs Act, 1878, this Court held that as the accused did not claim any ownership over the gold and was a bullion merchant, the mere fact that the gold had foreign markings would not be sufficient to prove that the accused had knowledge that the gold was smuggled. In this connection, this Court observed as follows :-
"In our view, the High Court was right in its
conclusion because the fact that none of the
respondents claimed ownership over the said gold could
not necessarily mean either that the gold was smuggled
gold or that the respondents were
in possession thereof with the knowledge that it was
so. The fact that the gold has foreign marks stamped on
it can only mean that the gold was foreign. But since
such foreign gold used to be imported before the
present restrictions were imposed on its importation,
it could have been imported without any violation of
law. Consequently, that fact alone would not establish
either of the two ingredients of s. 167(81)."
The facts of this case are, however, clearly distinguishable from those of the present case. In the first place, in the case mentioned above, the accused was a bullion merchant and it was in the very nature of circumstances and as a part of his profession, natural for him to be in possession of gold. Secondly, the Court clearly held that during those days foreign gold used to be freely imported in our country and therefore the mere presence of foreign markings would not be sufficient to raise a presumption under s. 106 of the Evidence Act so as to attribute knowledge to the accused that the gold was smuggled. In the instant case, the facts are quite different and so is the nature of the admission made by the appellant.
In a later decision of this Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras v. Messrs Best & Co.(1) this Court observed as follows |-
"When sufficient evidence, either direct or
circumstantial, in respect of its contention was
disclosed by the Revenue, adverse inference could be
drawn against the assessee if he failed to put before
the Department material which was in his exclusive
possession. The process is described in the law of
evidence as shifting of the onus in the course of a
proceeding from one party to the other." It is true that case arose under the provisions of the income Tax Act but the principles laid down by this Court would apply equally to the facts of the present case. In the case of Collector of Customs, Madras & Ors. v. D.Bhoormull(2) a case under the Customs Act, while dwelling on the nature and purport of the onus which lay on the prosecution, this Court observed as follows:-
"It cannot be disputed that in proceeding for
imposing penalties under clause (8) of s. 167 to which
s. 178-A does not apply, the burden of proving that the
goods are smuggled goods, is on the Department. This is
a fundamental
rule relating to proof in all criminal or quasi-
criminal proceedings, where there is no statutory
provision to the contrary. But in appreciating its
scope and the nature of the onus cost by it, we must
pay due regard to other kindred principles, no less
fundamental, of universal application. One of them is
that the prosecution or the Department is not required
to prove its case with mathematical precision to a
demonstrable degree........ -All that it requires is
the establishment of such a degree of probability that
a prudent man may, on its basis, believe in the
existence of the fact in issue, Thus, legal proof is
not necessarily perfect proof, often it is nothing more
than a prudent man’s estimate as to the probabilities
of the case." Similarly, while dealing with the merits of the case, this Court made the following observations :-
"In the case before us, the circumstantial
evidence suggesting the inference that the goods were
illicitly imported into India, was similar and
reasonably pointed towards the conclusion drawn by the
Collector.......... The Collector had given the fullest
opportunity to Bhoormull to establish the alleged
acquisition of the goods in the normal course of
business. In doing so, he was not throwing the burden
of proving what the Department had to establish, on
Bhoormull. He was simply giving him a fair opportunity
of rebutting the first and the foremost presumption
that arose out of the tell-tale circumstances in which
the goods were found, regarding their being smuggled
goods by disclosing facts within his special
knowledge." It was also pointed out that the broad effect of the application of the basic principles underlying s. 106 of the Evidence Act would be that onus is discharged if the prosecution adduces only so much evidence, circumstantial or direct, as is sufficient to raise a presumption in its favour with regard to the existence of the facts sought to be proved. In the case of Labchand Dhanpat Singh Jain v. The State of Maharashtra, while this Court was again considering the extent and application of ss. 106 and 114 of the Evidence Act and in this connection, observed as follows:-
"Even if we were to apply the ratio decidendi of
Gian Chand’s case (supra) in the case before us, we
find that the
result would only be that no presumption under section
123 of the Act could be used against the appellant. We
do not think that the High Court or the Magistrate had
used this presumption. We find that they had relied
upon circumstantial evidence in the case to infer the
character of the gold recovered and the accused’s
guilty knowledge.......... A reference to Issardas
Daulat Ram & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors. [(1962)
Supp. (1) S.C.R. 358] is enough to show that the
conduct of the accused and the incredible version set
up by him were enough to saddle the accused with the
necessary knowledge of the character of the goods found
in his possession.
Atleast, the burden of proving an innocent receipt of
gold lay upon the appellant under section 106 Evidence
Act. The totality of facts proved was enough, in our
opinion, to raise a presumption under section 114
Evidence Act that the gold had been illegally imported
into the country so as to (be) covered by section
111(d) of the Act. The appellant had not offered any
other reasonable explanation of the manner in which it
was being carried." The facts in this case appear to be very similar to the facts in the present case. Furthermore, the case of Balumal Jamnadas Batra v. State of Maharashtra(1) was also a case under the Customs Act and there also the presumption under section 123 was not applicable. It was held therein that having regard to the conduct of the accused and nature of the articles mens rea was established. In this connection, this Court observed as follows :-
"The very appearance of the goods and the manner
in which they were packed indicated that they were
newly manufactured and brought into this country very
recently from another country. The inscriptions on them
and writing on the boxes were parts of the state in
which the goods in unopened boxes were found from which
inferences about their origin and recent import could
arise. The appellant’s conduct, including his
untruthful denial of their possession, indicated
consciousness of their smuggled character or mens rea."
From the aforesaid case also it would appear that this Court was prepared to draw a presumption against the accused from the fact that
the articles concerned were concealed and had particular markings and special features and from the nature of the unsatisfactory explanation given by the accused.
While it is, therefore, true that in the instant case the seizure was not made under s. 111 of the Customs Act and the prosecution could not press into service the presumption arising from s. 123 of the Customs Act, that does not clinch the issue. It is proved that the appellant was in possession of gold with foreign markings which was found to be in the shape of biscuits or bars kept in a secret chamber of the safe, and that the accused admitted that the gold was brought from outside the country and was given to him by somebody whose identity he was not prepared to disclose. Thus, the appellant knew as to who was the person who had given him the gold and if he also knew, as he says, that the gold was smuggled, he must have known whether the person who delivered the gold to him brought it under a permit or without any permit because at the time of the occurrence the import of gold was banned excepting under special circumstances. Having regard to the totality of the situation, there is no reason why the prosecution would not be entitled to call into aid the combined effect of the presumptions under ss. 106 and 114 of the Evidence Act. We are, therefore, satisfied that the prosecution has clearly proved the charge under s. 135(1) (b) (ii) of the Customs Act.
It was also contended by Dr. Chitale that as the case had been going on for eight years, a lenient view on the question of sentence may be taken. The sentence being one only of rigorous imprisonment for nine months, we think there is no room for any reduction thereof.
For the reasons given above, the appeal fails and is accordingly dismissed. N.V.K. Appeal dismissed.