v.
Labour Law:
The Maharashtra Workmen's Minimum House-Rent Allowance Ac~ C 1983 Ss. 4,13. Notification No. BRA 3191/992/LAB dated 9,10.199~ Workmelt-House rent allowance-Entitlement to-Employer's liability to pay house rent allowance to each workman at a specific rate-ExemptionNotification exempting industries areawise in relation to their workmen on income basis-Held, classification of Workmen on basis of income and clasD sification of industries areawise not permissible under the Act.
The Government of Maharashtra purporting to exercise powers under s.13 of the Maharashtra Workmen's Minimum House Rent Al· lowance Act, 1983 issued a Notification dated 9.10.1992 directing that wilb effect from 1.1.1991 the provisions of the Act wonld not apply to the E factories/establishments situated In certain Zones/areas in respect of their workmen drawing wages as mentioned In the Notification. Conseqnently honse rent allowance of same categories of workmen of the companies situated In the Zones/Areas concerned was reduced below the minimum payable under the Act. The respondent-employees Unions filed writ petitions before the High Court challenging validity of the Notification. F
The Hlgh Court quashed the Notification holding the same as invalid and unenforceable and directed the companies concerned to refund the amount recovered from the workmen on the basis of the notification. The companies filed the spectal leave petitions before this Court. G The petitioners-companies before this Court contended that the Notification was Issued in accordance with s.13(1) of the Act which empowered the Government to exempt any specific factory or establishment froin application of the Act, for the reasons mentioned therein; that In the Notification the classification made on the basis of wages of the workmen H was reasonable and permissible under s.13 and in deciding the validity of
~40
the Notification the substance of the Notification as a whole should be A considered.
Dismissing the special leave petitions, this Court
HELD :
1.The classification of workers on the basis of the income and the classification of the industries area-wise are not permissible under B s.13 of the Maharashtra Workmen's Minimum House Rent Allowance Act, 1983. The Notification under challenge is ultra vires of the Act, void and unenforceable and the High Court was right in quashing the same. (549-H, 549-A, 549-G] Security Guards Board for Greater Bombay and Thane Distt. v. Security C & Personnel Service Pvt. Ltd. and others, (1987] 3 SCC 413, distinguished.
2.The basic object underlying the Act is that every workman should be paid house-rent allowance as provided in s.4. Section 4 which is the soul of the Act, lays down the fundamental structure, namely, that workers should be paid house-rent allowance and the establishments, factories or D the units which under certain circumstances would be eligible for exemption under Section 13. Section 4 is the measure of the liability which operates on the factories or establishments which are units and the benefit sboold go to all workmen in the unit, and makes every employer responsible to pay monthly house-rent allowance to every workman which shall E not be less than 5% of the wages payable subject to a minimum of Rs. 20 whichever is higher. The Section does not lay down any upper limit regarding the entitlement of the house-rent allowance. Homer high the wages may be, an employer bas to pay it @ 5%. I:ikewlse, after requirements of Section 13 being satisfied, the individual unit or units, as a whole can be exempted. (546-G-H] F
3.1. The exemption contemplated under s.13 can be granted to any specified factory or establishment or to any class of factories or establishments in any industry, and not to one class of employees thereby· differently treating another class of employees in the same factory. The G section does not speak of the class of workers or employees. The emphasis is on the factories or establishments in an industry and not on the workmen or employees. [547-B]
3.2. Before granting the exemption, the Government must be satislied that it is just and proper to do so in public interest or for any special H 542 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A reasons having regard to the favourable conditions of employment in such factories or establishments or to the financial. position and other relevant circumstances of such factories or establishments. The economic viability of a particular factory or establishment may be a relevant consideration but the wages and ceiling thereof cannot form the basis nor can they be B relevant for the purpose of s.13. [547-C)
3.3. The expression "conditions and restrictions" occurring in s.13 cannot be interpreted to mean differently and the same does not in any manner give scope to classify the workers in the manner in the Notification and grant an exemption on that basis. (547-G)
c 3.4. The expression "such period or periods" In s.13 should be read in the context of the other expression, namely, that the Government should be satisfied that it is just and proper to do so in the public interest or for any special reasons having regard to the more favourable conditions of employment. If so read, it becomes clear that the exemption cannot be for D eternity. (548-BJ
3.5. The Public interest contemplated under s.13 is of different nature and it will not be served and cannot be served by applying the provisions • of the Act to some workmen and none to the other or with certain restric· E tions and conditions to yet another class of workmen. (548-C)
3.6. The Notification dries not indicate any special reasons with reference to the financial position and other relevant circumstances of any factory or establishment or class of factories or establishment except mentioning that it is just and proper to do so in the public interest. [548-E) F 3.7. The substance of the notification is clear, namely, that some of the workers are deprived of house-rent allowance being paid at the rate laid down under Section 4. The Notification does not conform to the requirements of s.13 of the Act which is a welfare legislation in conformity G with the directive principles. (548-H)
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 7847 of 1993.
From the Judgment and Order dated 24/25-2-1993 of the Bom,bay H High Court in W.P. No. 50 of 1993.
WITH A
S.L.P. (C) No. 6893/93.
WITH I.A. Nos. 3-4 & 5-6. B
Shanti Bushan, K.K. Singhvi, Ms. Manik Karanjawala, P.K. Rele, R. Karanjawala, Rajesh Kumar, A.S. Bhasme, Ms. Suruchi Aggarwal, P.K. Mullick, Brij Bhushan, Sanjay Singhvi, B.N. Singhvi, M. George Jose, J.P. Pathak and A.C. Mahimkar for the appearing parties. C
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, J. Some of the employees unions, who figure a respondents herein, filed a batch of writ petitions challenging the validity of a Notification dated 9.10.92 issued by the Industries, Energy and D- Labour Department of the State Government of Maharashtra exercising the powers conferred by Section 13 of The Maharashtra Workmen's Minimum House-Rent Allowance Act, 1983 ('Act' for short). A Division Bench of the High Court declared the impugned Notification as invalid, unenforceable and accordingly quashed the same and also directed the employers, EI who figured as respondents before the High Court, to refund the amount recovered form the workmen on the basis of the impugned Notification. M/s Hindustan Lever Ltd., Batloiboi & Co. and others ('Companies' for short) have filed these two S.L.Ps. questioning the judgment of the High Court. These S.L.Ps. are being disposed of at the admission stage itself. F Some other Employees' Unions have filed IA. Nos. 3-4-5-6 for being impleaded as interveners.
With a view to provide for payment of minimum house-rent allowance to workmen employed in industries in Maharashtra and to provide for matters connected therewith, the Act was enacted in the year 1983 G which received the assent of the President on 5.10.88, and was published in the Official Gazette on 17.10.88. The Act extends to the State of Maharashtra and as notified by the State Government, it was brought into force with effect from Isl January, 1991. This Act is made applicable under Section 1 to every factory or establishment in an industry. For the purpose H I 544 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.
A of the questions to be resolved, it may not be necessary to refe.r to all the Sections. Sectio~ 2(i) defines workmen as under:
"2. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires -
xxxx xxxx B (i) "workman" means a workman as defined in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (XIV of 1947) or an employee as defined in the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946 (Born. XI of 1947) ··as the case may require.
Section 2(i) gives the same meaning to the expression workman as defined in the Industrial Disputes Act or an employee as defined in the Bombay Industrial Relations Act. Section4(1) reads thus :
D "4. Responsibility for payment of house-rent allowance: (1) Every employer shall pay to every workman employed by him a houserent allowance which shall not be less than five per cent of the wages payable to the workman for his services during a month, or twenty rupees, whichever is higher.'' E Section 13 empowers the State Government to grant exemption in certain special cases from the application of the Act. Section 13 read as follows:
"13. Power to exempt in special cases-(1) Notwithstanding anything F contained in this Act, the State Government may, by order published in the official Gazette, and subject to such conditions and restrictions, if any, and for such period or periods, as may be specified in the order, direct that the provision of this Act shall not apply to any specified factory or establishment or to any specified class of factories or establishments in any industry, if itG is satisfied that it is just and proper so do to in the public interest or for any special reasons having regard to the more favourable conditions of employment in such factory or factories or establishment or establishments or to the financial position and other relevant circumstances of such factory or factories or estabH lishments, as the case may be.
(2) Any order made under this section may be made so as to be A retrospective to any date not earlier than the date on which the Act became applicable to that factory or factories or establishment or establishments, as the case may be."
Purporting to exercise powers under this Section, the impuged Notification was issued by the State Government which reads thus: B
"No. BRA 3191!992/LAB/-A - In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of Section 13 of the Maharashtra Workmen's Minimum House-Rent Allowance Act, 1983 (Mah. XXIII of 1988), the Government of Maharashtra, being satisfied that it is just and C proper to do so in the public interest, hereby directs that, with effect form 1st January, 1991, the provisions of said Act, shall not apply to the factories and establishments in relation to their workmen drawing wages as 0n 1st January, 1991 or thereafter at the rates exceeding the limits mentioned in column ( 4) with refer.ence to the Zones and Areas mentioned in column (2) and (3), D respectively, of the Schedule below, subject to the condition that where the wages of the workmen exceed the limits of wages in the respective Zones, the House-Rent allowances payable to such workmen shall be calculated as if their wages were as per the limits in column (4) of the Schedule below:
E S.No. Zone Areas Limited of wages 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. I Comprised within the limits of Greater Rs. 3500 Bombay, Thane and Kalyan Municipal per month Corporation Ulhasnagar and Ambernath F Municipal Councils; New Bombay Thane-Belapur, Taloja-Banvel Industrial Areas.
2. II Comprised within the limits of Pune, Rs. 3000 Pimpri-Chinchwad and Nashik per month G Municipal Corporations (including Awbad-Satpur NIDC of Nashik)
3.III All areas within the jurisdiction of the Rs. 2500
State of Maharastra excluding the areas per month
covered under Zone I and II above."
546 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 2 S.C.R. A The employees unions challenged this Notification on the ground that i)
it is an excess of power under Section 13 (2), ii) it is against the basic
provisions of the Act, iii) it is arbitrary and (iv) it is vitiated by non-ap-
plication of mind. An additional challenge is to the retrospectivity from
1.1.1991 on the ground of unreasonableness. B The High Court held that the Act contemplates payment of house-
rent allowance to all workmen and there is no scope to reduce the mini-
mum rate of house rent in respect of any class of workmen or to differen-
tiate between classes or categories of workmen of a unit and in the
Notification, rates of house-rent allowance have been reduced even below C statutory minimum by putting a ceiling depending upon the geographical
areas in which the factories or establishments are situated and it is beyond
the power expressly contained in Section 13 and that in other respects also,
the impugned Notification is not in accordance with the conditions laid
down in Section 13. D
Shri Shanti Bhushan, learned counsel appearing for the petitioners
submitted that Section 13(1) of the Act empowers the Government to
exempt any specific factory or establishment, subject to such conditions and
restrictions, if any, and for such period or periods, as may be specified, if E the Government is satisfied that it is just and proper to do so in public
interest or for any special reasons mentioned therein and in deciding the
question whether the Notification is in accordance with Section 13, the
substance of the Notification as a whole should be considered.
Learned counsel for the respondent, on the other hand submitted F that the Notification virtually amounts to amendment of the Act particular-
ly Section 4 and is also in total contravention of provisions of Section 13.
Section 4, which is the soul of the Act, makes every employer
responsible to pay monthly house-rent allowance to every workman which G shall not less than 5% of the wages payable subject to a minimum of Rs.
20, whichever is higher. This section does not lay down any upper limit
regarding the entitlement of the house-rent allowance. However, higher the
wages may be, an employer has to pay it @ 5%. A reading of the impugned
Notification shows that the rates of house-rent allowance have been H reduced even below the statutory ~imum by putting a celing in the case
of workmen drawing salary more than Rs. 3,300, Rs. 3,000 or Rs. -7,500 A depending upon the geographical area in which the factories or establishments are situated. Section 13 no doubt empowers the Government to grant exemption in special cases in respect of applicability of the provisions subject to certain conditions and restrictions and for some period. This Section makes it clear that such an exemption can be granted to any B specified factory or establishment or to any specified class of factories or establishments in any industry. Before granting such exemption, the Government must be satisfied that it is just and proper to do so in public interest or for any special reasons having regard to the favourable conditions of employment in such factories or establishments or to the financial C position and other relevant circumstances of such factories or establishments. It may be noticed that section 13 does not speak of class of workers or employees. The emphasis is on the factories or establishments in an industry and not on the workmen or employees.
Learned counsel for the petitioners however, submitted that in the D Notification, a classification is made on the basis of ceiling fixed ill respect of salaries as shown in column (4) which is reasonable and the workmo:n who are drawing the wages within the ceilling in column (4) are not affected and the limit of payment of house-rent allowance on these basis is uniformly applied to all the factories in the entire State of Maharashtra E without any discrimination and that such exemption in such terms is permissible within the meaning of Section 13. We see no force in this submission. The object of the Act is that every workman should get house-rent allowance @ 5% of the wages paid. The exemption contemplated under Section 13 can be made applicable to specified factories F and establishments and not to one class of employees thereby differently treating another class of employees in the same factory. The intention of the legislature is clear that Section 13 applies to factories or establishments or class of factories or establishments. Therefore the exemption can not be with reference to a class or classes of employees. The exJiression " conditions and restrictions " can not be interpreted to mean differently and the G same does not in any manner give scope to classify the workers in the manner done in the Notification and grant and exemption on that basis.
Section 13 also contemplates that the exemption can be for such period or periods as may be specified. In the impugned Notification no H
A such period is fixed. Shri Shanti Bhushan, learned counsel, however, sub-
mitted that unlimited period also comes within the meaning of such period.
We do not agree. The expression "such period or periods" should be read
in the context of the other expression namely that the Government should
be satisfied that it is just and proper to do so in the public interest or for B any special reasons having regard to the more favourable conditions of
employment. If so read, it becomes clear that the exemption cannot be for
eternity.
We are also unable to see as to how public interest is sub-served by
depriving some of the workmen in the same establishment, of the houseC rent allowance @ 5% of the wages as provided under Section 4. Public
interest will not be served and cannot be served by applying the provisions
of the Act to some workmen and none to the other or with certain
restrictions and condition to yet another class of workmen. There is yet
another requirement namely that such exemption can be given if it is just . D and proper for any special reasons having regard to the more favourable
conditions of employment and the same can be satisfied only on the
exemption of an individual factory or establishment or class of factories or
establishments and not on the basis of wages paid even in the case of a
flourishing industry. The Notification also does not indicate any special E reason with reference to the financial position and other relevant cir-
cumstances of any factory or establishment or class of factories or estab-
lishments except mentioning that it is just and proper to do so in the public
interest. We are not able to cull out any other valid reason which conforms
with the requirement of Section 13. F Learned counsel for the petitioners vehemently submitted that the
substance of the Notification has to be examined and not the mere form.
We have noted above that the Act is a welfare legislation in conformity
with the directive principles. The basic object underlying the Act is that
tfie workers should be paid house-rent allowance at the rate mentioned in G Section 4. The substance of the notification is clear namely that some of
the worker are deprived of house-rent allowance being paid at the rate laid
down under Section 4. Assuming that such modification as per the Notifica-
tion is justifiable on some other grounds but that does not mean that the
substance of the Notification conforms to the requirements of Section 13. H The classification of the workers on the basis of the income and the
classification of the industries area-wise are not permissible under Section A 13 as the exemption can be given to a factory or establishment or a class or factories or establishments in an industry subject to the conditions and restrictions enumerated in the Section. The economic viability of a particular factory or establishment may be a relevant consideration but the wages and ceiling thereof can not form the basis nor can they be relevant B or the purpose of Section 13. The public interest contemplated under Section 13 is of different nature and the same can not be advanced by depriving a certain class of workmen of the benefits under the Act. Section 4 lays down the fundamental structure namely that workers should be paid house-rent allowance and the establishment, factories or the units which
under Sec- cunder certain circumstances would be eligible for exemptioll. tion 13. In other words, Section 4 is the measure of the liability which operates on the factories or establishments which are units and the benefit shol!ld go to all workmen in the unit. Likewise after requirements of Section 13 being satisfied, the individual unit or units, as a whole, can be exempted. But such exemption can not be on the basis of the workers and D their wages differentiating between different classes of workmen of the same unit. Learned counsel for the petitioners relying on the judgment of this Court in Security Guards Board for Greater Bombay and Thane Distt. v. Security & Personnel Service Pvt. Ltd. and Others, (1987] 3 SCC 413, submitted that the exemption can be on the basis of class or classes of E workmen employed. That was case arising under the Maharashtra Private Security Guards (Regulation of Employment and Welfare) Act, 1981 and Section 23 empowers the Government to grant exemption from the operation of the provisions of the Act or any scheme thereunder in regard to all or any class of security guards employed in any factory. It is clear that the F provision of exemption can be made applicable to class or classes of security guards. But, in the instant case, the language of Section 13 is different.
For all the above reasons, we agree with the High Court that the notification is ultra vires of the Act, void and unenforceable and therefore --G the same has been rightly quashed.
Learned counsel for the respondents submitted that giving retrospective effect to the Notification is arbitrary and the workers can not be made to refund the house-rent allowance Which has already been paid to them . H
A We need not go into this question since we are holding that the Notification
itself has rightly been quashed.
In S.L.P (Civil) No. 6893/93, learned counsel appearing for the
petitioner namely Batliboi & Co., submitted that by virtue of order passed
by this Court in Civil Appeal No. 5139/92, the present S.L.P. is not B maintainable. But that was at an interlocutory stage when the validity of
the Notification was not in issue., Therefore the said order does not come
in the way of respondents challenging the Notification.
Accordingly, both the S.L.Ps. are dismissed. Since we are confirming C the judgment of the High Court, no further orders are necessary in I.A.
Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6.
R.P. Appeals dismissed.