This appeal, by special leave, raises the question regarding validity of Rule 27(iv) of the U.P.State Mineral Development Corporation Limited Employees Service Rules, 1978 (hereinafter referred to as ’the Rules’], as amended wide the Amendment Rules of 1988 with effect from May 15, 1988, which provides for compulsory retirement of an employee of the U.P. State Mineral Development Corporation (hereinafter referred to as ’the Corporation’].
The Corporation, a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956, is an undertaking of the Government of Utter Pradesh. The respondent joined the Corporation on January 18, 1977. Initially he was appointed on the post of Marketing Officer. He was redesignated as Marketing Manager on April 16, 1977. He was confirmed on the post of Marketing Manager by order dated June 2, 1984 with effect from March 14, 1978. He started officiating as Chief Marketing Manager under order dated March 12, 1984. By order dated August 20, 1988, the respondent was compulsorily retired from service from the date of the issuance of the said order. It was directed that in lieu of three months notice he would be entitled to the payment of a sum equivalent to the amount salary and allowances, if any, at the rate applicable to him just before the retirement. The said order was passed in exercise of the powers conferred by Rule 27(iv) of the Rules. The respondent filed a writ petition [W.P. No. 66/88] in the Allahabad High Court, Lucknow Bench, challenging the said order of compulsory retirement. The said writ petition has been allowed by the High Court by the impugned judgment dated February 20, 1990. The High Court has held that Rule 27(iv) of the Rules is violative of the provisions o’ Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution inasmuch as it does not prescribe any minimum period of service and confers arbitrary power on the authority who can pass an order for compulsory retirement of an employee after 1, 2, 5 or 10 years cf service. Feeling aggrieved by the said judgment of the High Court the appellants have filed this appeal.
Apart from supporting the judgment of the High Court striking down Rule 27(iv) of the Rules, the learned counsel for the respondent has addressed us on the merits of the order of compulsory retirement and has submitted that even if the rule is held to be valid the said order cannot be sustained. We will first examine the question regarding the validity of Rule 27(iv) of the Rules.
Rule 27 of the Rules, which was substituted by the Amendment Rules of 1988, which came into force on May 15, 1988, provides as follows :
"Retirement : 27
(i) Except as otherwise provided in
this rule an employee shall retire
from the service on the afternoon
of the last day of the month he
attains the age of 58 years.
An employee whose date of
birth is the first day of a month
shall retire from service on the
afternoon of the last day of the
preceding month on attaining the
age of 58 years:
Provided an employee of Class
IV who entered into the service of
the Corporation prior to this
amendment shall retire at the age
of 60 years.
(ii) Notwithstanding anything
contained in these rules an
employee may seek Voluntary
retirement by giving 3 months
notice the appointing authority at
any time after attaining the age of
45 years or after he has completed
the service of 20 years.
(iii) Provided that the appointing
authority may waive the period of
notice fully or partially but the
retirement shall be effective only
after an order has been passed by
the appointing authority to this
effect. In his discretion the
appointing authority may reject the
offer of voluntary retirement of
the employee.
(iv) The appointing authority may
at any time retire in the public
interest or in the interest of the
Corporation an employee at the age
of 50 years by giving him 3 months
notice or pay in lieu thereof or
pay for the said period which falls
short of the said period of 3
months.
(v) In order to satisfy whether it
will be in the public interest or
in the interest of the Corporation
to retire an employee of the
Corporation under sub-rule of Rule
27 the appointing authority may
take into consideration any
material relating to the employee
and nothing herein contained shall
be construed to exclude from the
consideration i.e,
i. any entry relating to any
period before such employee was
allowed to cross any efficiency bar
or before he was promoted to any
post in officiating or substantive
capacity or any stop gap
arrangement or any ad hoc post or
ii. any entry against which a
representation is pending either
before the Board or any other
authority provided that the
representation is also taken into
consideration along with the entry
or
iii. any report of
communication received from the
Government or any report received
from the internal
vigilance/security set-up
established by the Corporation
under the orders of the
Board/Chairman/Managing Director or
any report of the vigilance
establishment constituted under the
U.P.Vigilance Establishment Act,
1965 or any report from the CID of
the State of U.P.
iv. Every such decision taken
in sub-rule (iv) shall be deemed to
have been taken in the public
interest or in the interest of the
Corporation as the case may be."
Clause (i) of Rule 27 prescribes 58 years as the age of superannuation for 311 employees except employees of Class IV for whom the age of superannuation is fixed at 60 years. Clauses (ii) and (iii) enable an employee of the Corporation to seek voluntary retirement by giving three months notice to the appointing authority at any time after attaining the age of 45 years or after he has completed the service of 20 years and the period of notice can be waived fully or partially by the appointing authority. Clause (iv) empowers the appointing authority at any time in the public interest or in the interest of the Corporation to retire an employee who has attained the age of 50 years by giving him 3 months notice or pay in lieu thereof. The said clause does not prescribe a minimum period of service for the exercise of the power of compulsory retirement by the appointing authority, Clause (v) prescribes the material that can be taken into consideration while exercising the power under clause (iv).
The question is whether it is obligatory to prescribe minimum length of service in a provision relating to compulsory retirement and whether in the absence of such a requirement the provision relating to compulsory retirement has to be held to be invalid.
The object underlying a provision enabling the appointing authority to compulsorily retire an employee before he attains the prescribed age of superannuation is to energize the administration and make it more efficient by chopping of deadwood and to ensure that a key post is held by a person of undoubted ability and integrity. [ See : Union of India v. Col. J.N.Sinha, 1971 (1) SCR 791 at p. 796]. The decisions of this Court show that such provisions fall in three categories : I. A provision which enables compulsory retirement of an employee after he has put in a certain period of service. [See : Shyam Lal vs. Union of India, 1955 (1) SCR 26 and Tara Singh, etc. vs. State of Rajasthan & ors. air 1975 SC 1487. Compulsory retirement permissible on completion of 25 years of qualifying service] II Provision which enables the compulsory retirement on attaining a particular age. [ See : Col. J.N.Sinha [supra] Fundamental Rule 56(j) - compulsory retirement permissible on attaining the age of 50 years]. III. Provision which enables compulsory retirement on attaining a particular age or on completion of a particular period of qualifying service. [ See : The State of Bombay v. Saubhagchand M.Doshi, 1958 SCR 571; T.G. Shivacharana Singh etc. etc. v. State of Mysore, AIR 1965 SC 280; Baikuntha Nath & Anr, v. Chief District Medical Officer, Baripada & Anr., 1992 (2) SCC 299].
In Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra], this Court, while distinguishing compulsory retirement from dismissal or removal from service, has pointed out that while in the case of retirement misconduct and efficiency merely furnish the background and there is no duty to hold an enquiry, in the case of dismissal or removal from service they form the very basis on which the order is made and the enquiry thereon must be formal and must satisfy the rules of natural justice. This Court has further observed :
"It should be added that questions
of the above character could arise
only when the rules fix both an age
of superannuation and an age for
compulsory retirement and the
services of a civil servant are
terminated between these points of
time. But where there is no rule
fixing the age of compulsory
retirement, or if there is one and
the servant is retired before the
age prescribed therein, then that
can be regarded only as dismissal
or removal within Art.311(2)." [p.
579]
In Moti Ram Deka etc. V. General Manager, N.E.F. Railways, Maligaon, Pandu, etc. 1964 (5) SCR 683, while examining the validity of Rules 148(3) and 149(3) of the Indian Railway Establishment Code which provided for termination of services of a permanent servant by giving a notice by either side, this Court has taken note of the decisions of this Court relating to compulsory retirement of Government employees including the decision in Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra] and the observations referred to above. After quoting the said observations. it has been observed:
"It would be noticed that the rule
providing for compulsory retirement
was upheld on the ground that such
compulsory retirement does not
amount to removal under Art. 3 )
because it was another mode of
retirement and it could be enforced
only between the period cf age of
superannuation prescribed and after
the minimum period of service
indicated in the rule had been put
in. if however, no such minimum
period is prescribed by the rule of
compulsory retirement. that
according to the judgment, would
violate Art. 311(2) and though the
termination of a servant’s services
may be described as compulsory
retirement, it would amount to
dismissal or removal within the
meaning of Article 311(2). With
respect, we think that this
statement correctly represents the
true position in law." [pp.715-716]
These observations regarding prescribing a minimum period of service have to be read in the light of the observations in Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra] referred to above which have been approved and which refer to fixing of the age of compulsory retirement. The observations in Moti Ram Deka [supra] were made in the context of the provisions of Rule 165-A of the Bombay Civil Services Rules, as amended by the Saurashtra Government, which was under consideration in Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra]. It provided for compulsory retirement of a Government servant after he had completed 25 years of qualifying service or 50 years of age. In Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra] the employee was appointed in 1948 and he was compulsorily retired on October 30, 1952, after 4 years service, under the said rule since he had attained the age of 50 years, He had not completed the period of 35 years of qualifying service. The said order was upheld by this Court. The observations of this Court in Moti Ram Deka [supra] regarding the requirement of a minimum period of service cannot, therefore, be read to mean that a provision regarding compulsory retirement must always provide for a minimum period of service. In Moti Ram Deka [supra] what has been emphasized by this Court is that the validity of a rule providing for compulsory retirement may be open to question if having fixed a proper age of superannuation it permits a permanent servant to be retired at an early stage of his career.
This question came to be considered in Gurdev Singh Sidhu v. State of Punjab & Anr., 1964 (7) SCR 587, in the context of Article 9,1 of the Pepsu Services Regulations which provided that the Government could retire any Government servant after he had completed 10 years of qualifying service. The said rule was held to be invalid as being violative of Article 311(2) of the Constitution. It has been observed :
"If a permanent public servant is
compulsorily retired under the
rules which prescribed the normal
age of superannuation and provide
for a reasonable long period of
qualified service after which alone
compulsory retirement can be
ordered, that again may not amount
dismissal or removal under Article
311(2) mainly because that is the
effect of a long series of
decisions of this Court. But where
while reserving the power to the
State to compulsorily retire a
permanent public servant, a rule is
framed prescribing a proper age of
superannuation, and another rule is
added giving the power to the State
to compulsorily retire permanent
public servant at the end of 10
years on his service, that cannot,
we think, be treated as fallowing
outside Art. 311(2). The
termination of the service of a
permanent public servant under such
a rule, though called compulsory
retirement is, in substance,
removal under Art. 311( [P. 594]
The High Court, in striking down clause (iv) of Rule 27 of the Rules, has placed reliance on the decisions of this Court in Moti Ram Deka [supra] and Gurdev Singh Sidhu v State bank of Punjab & Anr. [supra] to hold that it was incumbent to prescribe a minimum period of service. In taking the said view the High Court failed to note that under clause (iv) of Rule 27 of the Rules the power of compulsory retirement can be exercised only after an employee attains the age of 50 years. The normal age of superannuation prescribed under Rule 27 is 58 years. The fixation of the age of 50 years for the purpose of compulsory retirement does not result in compulsory retirement of an employee at an early stage of his career. As noticed earlier, there is a similar provision in Fundamental Rule 56(j) which provides for compulsory retirement on attaining the age of 50 years or 55 years as mentioned in Col. J.N.Sinha [supra] and the orders passed for compulsory retirement under the said provision have been upheld by this court. Similarly there are provisions where the power of compulsory retirement can be exercised either on attaining a particular age [generally 50 years] or on completion of the prescribed period of qualifying service and orders for compulsory retirement passed on attaining the prescribed age have been held to be valid as in Saubhagchand M.Doshi [supra] and T.G.Shivachandra Singh [supra] . In Saubhagchand M. Doshi [supra] the employee had been compulsorily retired on completion of about 4 years service only. We are, therefore, unable to agree with the view of the High Court that clause (iv) of Rule 27 suffers from the vice of arbitrariness and is violative of the provisions of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution inasmuch as it does not prescribe a minimum length of service for the exercise of the power of compulsory retirement.
Shri Tripathi, the learned counsel appearing for the respondent, has urged that even if clause (iv) of Rule 27 is held to be valid the said clause could not be applied in the case of the respondent because the respondent joined the service of the Corporation in 1977 end this clause was introduced after his joining the service with effect from May 15, 1988. It has been urged that the said provision cannot be given retrospective effect so as to apply to the respondent who had joined the service of the Corporation prior to the introduction of the said clause. The submission is that the amendment that was introduced in the rules in 1988 can only operate prospectively and does not have retrospective operation. We find no merit in this contention. The amendment that has been introduced in the rules by the Amendment Rules of 1988 with effect from May 15, 1988 operates prospectively and the said operation cannot be held to be retrospective in nature merely because it applies if to employees who joined the Corporation prior to the said amendment but were in service of the Corporation on the date of coming into operation of the amendment. The rule operates prospectively in respect of all the employees of the Corporation who were employed with the Corporation on May 15, 1988. Moreover, the letter of appointment dated January 18, 1977 which was given to the respondent contains the following terms :
"You will be governed by the rules
and regulations of the Corporation
framed from time to time" The respondent, therefore, cannot make a grievance that the amendment that was made in the Rules in 1988 whereby Rule 27 was substituted is not applicable to him and was wrongly applied.
Shri Tripathi has next submitted that even if clause (iv) of Rule 27 is held to be valid the application of the said rule in the case of the respondent suffers from the vice of arbitrariness inasmuch as the services of the respondent have been arbitrarily terminated. In support of his aforesaid submission, Shri Tripathi has invoked the principles laid down by this Court in Delhi Transport Corporation v. DTC Mazdoor Congress, 1990 Supp. (1) SCR 142; Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. & Anr, vs. Brojo Nath Ganguly & Anr., 1986 (3) SCC 156; and West Bengal State Electricity Board v. D.B.Gupta, 1985 (3) SCC 116, In our opinion, this submission is without substance. As pointed out by this Court in Shyam Lal [supra] compulsory retirement differs from dismissal or removal from service in the sense that while in the case of dismissal or removal involves loss of benefit already earned an officer who is compulsorily retired does not lose any part of the benefit that he has earned and on compulsory retirement he would be entitled to the benefit that he has actually earned and that there is no diminution of the accrued benefit [p.42]. It is not the case of the respondent that he has been denied the benefit which accrued to him on the basis of his service in the Corporation. The fact that the respondent joined service at a late stage when he was about 41 years old and on account of his being compulsorily retired his services stood terminated after putting about 9 years of service only does not mean that the order of compulsory retirement ceases to be an order for compulsory retirement and should be treated as an order for removal from service. Merely because the respondent would not be able to earn pension since he had not put in the prescribed period of qualifying service would not invalidate the order of compulsory retirement if it is other wise found to have been passed in accordance with the requirements of Rule 27(iv).
The impugned order of compulsory retirement was passed on the basis of the recommendations of a Screening Committee consisting of the Managing Director and two Directors of the Corporation. In the Confidential Report of the respondent for the year 1933-84 following remarks have been made by the Reviewing Officer : f
"I regret that I cannot agree with
the Reporting Officer. Shri
K.C.P.Sinha evaded responsibility
and his general reputation for
integrity was bad. He got his own
brother-in-law appointed as Sales
Agent for Silica sand and other
products without disclosing this
fact to the Management and
continued to deal with him
throughout without disclosing this
relationship. His general
reputation somehow has not been
very good. I was not satisfied even
with his administrative ability. I
would assess his performance and
leadership qualities inadequate. He
might be able to work successfully
under close supervision but is
unsuitable for an independent
assignment. His written work is
well below average.
I would rate his performance as
poor."
Shri Tripathi has submitted that the said remarks were made by Shri A.P.Singh on May 19, 1985 after he had ceased to be the Managing Director of the Corporation and that he had taken the file with him when he left the Corporation and he returned the file only in 1987. It has also been urged by Shri Tripathi that the respondent had submitted a representation against the remarks and the same has not been considered. The fact of the respondent having submitted a representation against the said remarks was denied by the appellants before the High Court. The High Court felt that this being a disputed question of fact, could not be decided in writ jurisdiction. We are in agreement with the said view of the High Court. Insofar as the remarks are concerned, we are of the view that the same cannot be ignored only because the relevant file was taken away by Shri A.P.Singh, the Reviewing Officer, with him and the file was sent back after two years in 1987. No case of mala fides has been made out by the respondent against the Reviewing Officer. The said remarks contain a reflection on the integrity of the respondent in the matter of discharging his duties. Having regard to the said remarks it is not possible to hold that the compulsory retirement of the respondent by the appointing authority under order dated August 20, 1988 was not in public interest. We are, therefore, of the view that the order of compulsory retirement of the respondent does not suffer from any infirmity and the High Court was not justified in setting aside the said order.
By order dated August 27, 1990, this Court had stayed the reinstatement of the respondent on condition that the appellants will continue to pay 60% of the salary to the respondent and the respondent had agreed that the receipt of the said payment would be subject to further orders of this Court. It appears that the respondent was paid 60% of the salary in accordance with the said order but subsequently the Corporation, instead of paying 60% of the salary without obtaining his services considered it essential in the interest of the Corporation to obtain his services and by order dated January 12, 1995 he has been appointed as Chief marketing Manager and he is functioning on that post now. Since we are upholding the order of compulsory retirement it will be open to the Corporation to consider whether the respondent should continue on the post of Chief Marketing Manager. As regards the period for which he respondent had been paid 60% of the salary in pursuance of the order dated August 27, 1990 the said amount shall be refundable by the respondent to the Corporation. The said amount shall be refunded by the respondent within a period of three months.
In the result the appeal is allowed, the impugned judgment of the High Court . is set aside and the writ petition filed by the respondent is dismissed. No orders as to costs.