O R D E R Leave granted Shri Prakash Reddy, learned counsel for the respondent has raised an interesting question of law in this case. The admitted facts are that the Inspector of Police, Urban Police Station, Tenali, Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh had in a raid on December 23, 1986 seized 90 cassettes of various cinematograph films in Telugu, Hindi and English under a panchnama attested by PW-2 from the video library belonging to the respondent and laid the charge-sheet for an offence under Section 52-A read with Section 63 of the Copyright Act, 1957 [for short, the "Act] as amended in 1984. The trial Court after adduction of evidence of PWs-1 to 3 and production f Exs. P-1 and MO-1 convicted the respondent under Section 63 of the Act for minimum sentence of six months and also imposed a fine of Rs. 3,000/-. In default, he was directed to undergo simple imprisonment for a further period of one month. On appeal, the Sessions Judge, Guntur confirmed the same. In Criminal Revision No. 665/69 and CRC No. 666/89 the High Court of Andhra Pradesh by judgment dated September 17, 1990 acquitted the respondent of offence. Thus these appeals by special leave. The facts as found and not in dispute are that the respondent had kept in his shop by name Video City, various cassettes numbering 90 in Telugu, English and Hindu cinematograph films exhibiting the same either for hire or sale to the customers. The question, therefore, is whether the respondent has committed infringement of a copy right of deemed infringement thereof. The Statement of Objects and Reasons to Amendment Act 65 of 1984 reads as under :
"Piracy has become a global
problem due to the rapid advances
in technology. It has assumed
alarming proportions all over the
world and all the countries are
trying to meet the challenge by
taking stringent Legislative and
enforcement measures. The problem
of piracy and the necessity for
taking sufficient anti piracy
measures were also voiced by
Members of Parliament at the time
of the consideration of the Bill to
amend the Copyright Act, 1957, last
year.
2. Mainly there are three
types of piracy, namely, piracy of
the printed word, piracy of sound
recordings and piracy of
cinematograph films. The object of
the pirate in all such cases is to
make quick money and avoid payment
of legitimate taxes and royalties.
In respect of books, it is
estimated that four hundred to five
hundred titles are pirated every
year in India and on each of the
pirated titles, the loses to the
Government in the form of tax
evasion amounts approximately to
Rs. 11,000/- Apart from books,
recorded music and video cassettes
of films TV programs are
reproduced, distributed and sold on
a massive scale in many parts of
the world without any remuneration
to the authors, artistes,
publishers and producers concerned.
The emergence of new techniques of
recordings, fixation and
reproduction of audio programs,
combined with the advent of video
technology have greatly greatly
helped the pirates. It is estimated
that losses to the film producers
and other owners of copyright
amount to several crores of rupees.
The loss to Government in terms of
tax evasion also amounts to crores
of rupees. In addition because of
the recent video boom in the
country, there are reports that
uncertified video films are being
exhibited on a large scale. A large
number of video parlors have also
sprung up all over the country and
they exhibit such films recorded on
video tapes by charging admission
fees from their clients. In view of
these circumstances, it is proposed
to amend the Copyright Act, 1957,
suitably to combat affectively the
piracy that is prevalent in the
country.
3. The Bill provides, among
other things, for the following
amendments to the Act, namely :-
(i) to increase the punishment
provided for the infringement of
the copyright, namely, imprisonment
of three years, with a minimum
punishment of imprisonment of six
months, and fine upto Rs. 2 lakhs,
with a minimum of Rs. 50,000/-
(ii) to provide enhanced
punishments in the case of second
and subsequent convictions ;
(iii) to provide for the
declaration of the offence of
infringement of copyright as an
economic offence so that the period
of limitation provided for in the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
for offence will not applicable to
this offence.;
(iv) to specifically make the
provisions of the Act applicable to
video films and computer programs;
(v) to require the producers of
records and video films to display
certain information in the records,
video films and containers
thereof."
Section 2 [m] (ii) defined "infringing copy" to mean, in relation to cinematographic film, a copy of the film made on any medium by any means. Section 3 defines "publication" to mean making a work available to the public by issue of copies or by communicating the work to the public. Section 4 envisages when work is not deemed to be published or performed in public. It provides that except in relation to infringement of copyright, a work shall not be deemed to be published or performed in public, without the license of the owner of the copyright. The permission of the owner for publication is mandatory when it sought to be brought home to the person violating the publication or performed in public. It excludes the application of infringement of a copyright from the purview of Section 4 Chapter x deals with registration of copyright. Section 44 envisages that there shall be kept at the Copyright Office a register in the prescribed form to be called the Register of Copyrights in which may be entered the names or title of works and the names and addresses of authors, publishers and owners of copyright and such other particulars as may be prescribed. The entries under Section 48 in the register of copyrights shall be prima facie evidence of the particulars entered therein, or extracts therefrom certified by the Registrar of Copyrights and sealed with the seal of the Copyright Office shall be admissible in evidence in all courts without further proof or production of the original Section 51 in Chapter XI deals with infringement of copyrights. It provides, among other things, that a copyright in a work shall be deemed to be infringed when any other person makes for sale or hire, or sells or lets for hire, or by way of trade displays or offers for sale or hire any infringing copies of the work. Section 52-A deals with particulars to be included in sound recordings and video films. Sub-section thereof [2] provides thus :
"[2] No person shall publish a
video film in respect of any work
unless the following particulars
are displayed in the video film,
when exhibited, and on the video
cassette or other container
thereof, namely :-
(a) if such work is a cinematograph
film required to be certified for
exhibition under the provisions of
the Cinematograph Act, 1952 [37 of
1952], a copy of the certificates
granted by the Board of Film
Certification under Section 5-A of
that Act in respect of such work ;
(b) the name and address of the
person who has made the video film
and a declaration by him that he
has obtained the necessary license
or consent from the owner of the
copyright in such work for making
such video film; and
(c) the name and address of the
owner of the copyright in such
work".
Section 63 in Chapter XIII provides
for penalty thus :
"63. Offence of infringement of
copyright or other rights as
conferred by this Act. - Any person
who knowingly infringes or abets
the infringement of
[a] the copyright in a work, or
[b] any other right conferred by
this Act except the right conferred
by Section 53-A,
shall be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may
extend to three years and with fine
which shall not be less than fifty
thousand rupees but which may
extend to two lakh rupees :
Provided that where the
infringement has not been made for
gain in the course of trade or
business the Court may, for
adequate and special reasons to be
mentioned in the judgment, impose a
sentence of imprisonment for a term
of less than six months or a fine
of less than fifty thousand rupees.
Explanation - Construction of a
building or other structure which
infringes or which, if completed,
would infringe the copyright in
some other work shall not be an
offence under this section."
Further amendment with regard to sentence of fine came to be made by Amendment Act 38 of 1994 with which we are not presently concerned.
Section 68-A provides for penalty for contravention of Section 52-A. It reads that any person who publishes a sound recording or a video film in contravention of the provisions of Section 52-A, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.
A reading of these provisions does indicate that infringement of a copyright or deemed infringement of a copyright or publication of a work without the permission of the owner are offences under the Act. The question is whether identification of the owner of the copyright is a pre-condition for violation of the provisions of Section 63 or 68-A, as the case may be ? The finding of the High Court and ably sought to be supported by Shri Prakash Reddy is that unless the owner is identified and he comes and gives evidence that he had copyright of the video film which was sought to be in violation of Section 52-A or Section 51 of the Act, there is no offence made out by the prosecution and that, therefore, the conviction and sentence of the respondent is not valid in law. He contends that Section 4 expressly excludes publication of the work to be published. The identification of the owner being an essential element to prove the offence of infringement of copyright, the prosecution has failed to establish the same. In construction of the penal statute strict construction should be adopted and in that perspective the benefit of doubt given by the High Court is well justified and does not warrant interference.
It is true that in the interpretation of penal provisions, strict construction is required to be adopted and if any real doubt arises, necessarily the reasonable benefit of doubt would be extended to the accused. In this case, the question arises : whether such a doubt has arisen ? The object of amending the Copyright Act by Act amendment 65 of 1984, as note above, was to prevent piracy which became a global problem due to rapid advances in technology. The legislature intended to prevent piracy and punish the pirates protecting copyrights. The law, therefore, came to be amended introducing Section 52-A. Thereafter, the piracy of cinematograph films and of sound recording etc. could be satisfactorily prevented. Moreover the object of the pirate is to make quick money and avoid payment of legitimate taxes and royalties. The uncertified films are being exhibited in a large scale. Mushrooming growth of video parlours has sprung up all over the country exhibiting such films recorded on video tapes by charging admission fee from the visitors. Therefore, apart from increasing the penalty of punishment under law it also provides the declaration on the offence of infringement and video films to display certain information on the recorded video films and containers thereof. Section 52-A thus has incorporated specifications of the prints in sub-section [2] thereof. The construction of Sections 52-A, 51, 63 and 68-A should be approached from his perspective. It would be further profitable to read the relevant provisions of the Cinematograph Act, 1952 in this behalf. Section 2 [c] defines "cinematograph" to include any apparatus for the representation of moving pictures or series of pictures. Section 2 [d] (d) defines "films" to mean a cinematograph film. The question, therefore is : whether video film is cinematograph ? It is settled view that video tapes come within the expression "cinematograph" in view of the extended definition in Section 2 [c] which includes apparatus for the representation of moving pictures or series of pictures as copy of the video should be created in respect of a cinematograph under the Cinematograph Act which gives protection to the purchasers of the cinematograph if they are registered under Chapter X of the Act. Section 44 gives the right of registration and once the entries have been made by operation of Section 48 the entries in the register of copyrights shall be prima facie evidence of the copyright and the entries therein are conclusive without proof of the copyright and the entries therein are conclusive without proof of the original copyright which must be taken to have been created in respect of the video tape.
In Balwinder Singh v. Delhi Administration [AIR 1984 Delhi 379] a Division Bench of Delhi High Court had also held that both video and television are cinematograph. Licenses for giving their public exhibition is necessary under the Cinematograph Act in spite of their having commercial licenses for them under the Telegraphs Act.
It is true that there is no specific charge under Section 52-A. The charge was under Section 51 read with Section 63 of the Act. In view of the above finding and in view of the findings of the courts below that the respondent was exhibiting the cinematograph films in his Video City for hire or for sale of the cassettes to the public which do not contain the particulars envisaged under Section 52-A of the Act, the infringement falls under Section 51[2] (ii) or Section 52-A of the Act. The former is punishable under Section 63 and the latter is punishable under Section 68-A of the Act. In view of the above findings of the courts below the offence under which the case falls. It would, therefore, be unnecessary for the prosecution to track on and trace out the owner of the copyright to come and adduce evidence of infringement of copyright. The absence thereof does not constitute lack of essential element of infringement of copyright. If the particulars on video films etc. as mandated under Section 52-A do not find place, it would be infringement of copyright.
In our view, on the facts in this case, the offence would fall under Section 68-A of the Act. Accordingly, the conviction of the respondent is altered to one under Section 68-A. There would be no prejudice to the respondent. In view of the facts and circumstances, we are of the opinion that instead of imposing a sentence of imprisonment, sentence of fine of a sum of Rs 10,000/- would meet the ends of justice. Therefore, the conviction and sentence ordered by the trial court as confirmed by the appellate Court are modified to one of conviction under Section 68-A. The respondent is sentenced to pay a fine of Rs. 10,000/-. In default, he should undergo rigorous imprisonment for a period of three months. Even if he does not pay the fine and undergoes the sentence, the State is at liberty to recover the fine from the respondent. The appeals are accordingly allowed.