These appeals are preferred by the Revenue against the judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court answering the questions, referred at the instance of the assessee, in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue. The question involved in all these appeals are common. It would be sufficient if we take the case of one of the assessees, M/s.Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co.(P) Ltd. Four assessment years are relevant in this case, viz., Assessment Years 1968-69, 69-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72. The two questions referred under Section 256(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 are:
"(i) Whether, on the facts and in
the circumstances of the case, the
Tribunal was right in holding that
the interest for the assessment
year 1971-72, had already accrued
to the assessee on October 31,
1970, under the mercantile system
of accountancy?
(ii) Whether, on the facts and in
the circumstances of the case, the
Tribunal was right in holding that
the subsequent relinquishment of
interest by a resolution dated
November 24, 1970, did not affect
the tax liability of the assessee
on accrual basis?"
The partners of a firm, M/s.Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co. [the Firm], are also the shareholders/directors of the assessee-company. The assessee-company had advanced a loan to the firm. During the accounting year relevant to the Assessment Year 1966-67, it charged interest in a sum of Rs.25,048/- on the loan so advanced. Similarly, for the Assessment Year 1967-68, it charged interest in a sum of Rs.25,843/-. For the four assessment years concerning herein, however, the assessee adopted a different course. [The accounting year adopted by the assessee was the year ending on 31st October 31] In respect of the Assessment Year 1968-69 [year ending October 31, 1967], the assessee-company passed a resolution on October 9, 1967 [i.e., before the end of the accounting Year] deciding not to charge interest from the firm in view of the difficult financial position of the firm. For the next three assessment years, i.e., Assessment Years 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72, similar resolutions were passed on February 26, 1969, March 16, 1970 and November 24, 1970 respectively. In other words, in the case of last three assessment years, the resolution deciding not to charge interest on the loan advanced to the firm was passed after the expiry of the relevant accounting year. Indeed, the resolution says that the firm had approached the assesseecompany to waive the interest on the loan for each of the said years and that on such representation that the directors of the assessee-company [who were also partners in the said firm] decided that no interest shall be charged for each of the said three assessment years.
In the assessment proceedings relating to the said four assessment years, the Income Tax Officer took the view that inasmuch as the loans in question were interest-bearing loans and because the assessee-company had relinquished the interest without any commercial considerations and further because the directors/ shareholders of the assessee-company were interested in the firm, it was a case of collusion between them to evade the tax liability. Accordingly, he added an amount towards interest calculating it at the rate of fifteen percent per annum. On appeal, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner found that inasmuch as the resolution to waive the interest was passed after the expiry of the accounting year and further because the assessee-company was following the mercantile system of accounting, the interest must be held to have already accrued to the assessee before it was waived. He, however, reduced the rate of interest to nine percent. With that modification, he dismissed the appeals. The assessee thereupon filed a further appeal to the Tribunal but without success. The Tribunal observed that even though no entries were made in the books of the assessee-company or of the firm with respect to receipt or payment of interest, that circumstance is of no relevance in view of the facts that the resolutions were passed after the expiry of the accounting year that the assessee was maintaining its accounts on mercantile business and further that the relinquishment of interest was not for any commercial reasons. On reference, however, the High Court took a contrary view purporting to follow the decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income Tax West Bengal-II v. Birla Gwalior (P) Limited [(1973) 89 I.T.R.266]. The High Court held that in view of the said decision, the principle of earlier decision of this Court in Morvi Industries Limited v. Commissioner of Income Tax (Central), Calcutta [(1971) 82 I.T.R.835] cannot be applied to this case.
In these appeals, it is contended by Sri J.Ramamurthy, learned senior advocate for the appellant-Revenue, that in the facts and circumstances of the case, the view taken by the Tribunal was the correct one being consistent with the decisions of this Court and that the High Court was in error in holding to the contrary. Sri G.C.Sharma, learned counsel for the assessee, however, sought to support the reasoning and conclusion of the High Court.
Before we refer to the decisions of this Court, it is necessary to reiterate the basic facts of the case. For the previous two assessment years, viz., 1966-67 and 1967-68, the assessee-company did charge interest on the loan advanced by it to the firm which shows that the loan was an interest-bearing loan. The second circumstance to be noticed is that the resolution waiving interest was passed after the expiry of the relevant accounting year in the case of three subsequent assessment years, viz., Assessment Years 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72. Only in the case of Assessment Year 1968-69, was the resolution passed before the expiry of the accounting year. Thirdly, the assessee-company was maintaining its accounts on mercantile basis. Yet another circumstance to be noticed is that the Tribunal has found it as a fact that the waiver was not based upon any commercial considerations. Of course, no entries were made in the accounts of the assessee-company, or for that matter in the accounts of the firm, in respect of four assessment years concerned herein, that any interest was received or paid. On these facts, it has to be held that in the case of three subsequent assessment years, the interest had accrued to the assessee notwithstanding the fact that no entries may have been made in the accounts of the assessee to that effect. The waiver of interest after the expiry of the relevant accounting year only meant that the assessee was giving up the money which had accrued to it; It cannot be said, in the circumstances, that the interest amount had not accrued to the ascessee. Therefore, the Tribunal was right in taking the view it did in respect of Assessment Years 1969- 70, 1970-71 and 1971-72. In the case of Assessment Year 1968-69, however, the resolution was passed before the expiry of the accounting year and though the finding of the Tribunal is that the said waiver was not actuated by any commercial considerations, yet the learned counsel for the Revenue did not press the Revenue’s case so far as this assessment year is concerned.
In Morvi Industries Limited, the relevant facts are the following: the assessee which was the managing agent of its sursidiary company, maintained its accounts on the mercantile system. It was entitled to receive an office allowance of Rupees one thousand per month, a commission at 12 1/2 per cent of the net profits of the managed company and an additional commission of 1 1/2 per cert on all purchases of cotton and sales of cloth and yarn. In the accounting year ended on December 31,1954, and December 31, 1955, the managed-company suffered losses and the assessee earned only commission on the sale of cloth and yarn for the two years. The total amounts including the office allowance which the assessee was entitled to receive were Rs.50.719/and Rs.13,963/- for the two years. Under clause 2(e) of the commission was due to the assessee on December 31, 1954 and December 31, 1955 respectively and it was payable immediately after the annual accounts of the managed company had been passed in general meetings, which were held on November 24, 1955 and July 21, 1956 respectively. By resolutions of its board of directors dated April 4, 1955 and June 19, 1956 respectively [i.e., after the commission had become due but before it had become payable in terms of clause 2(e)], the assessee relinquished its commission on sales and office because the managed had been suffering heavy losses in the past years. The Tribunal held that the relinquishment by the assessee of its remuneration after it had become due was of no effect. It also rejected the assessee’s claim that amounts relinquished were allowable under section 10(2)(xv) of the Income Tax Act, 1922. The High Court agreed with the view taken by the Tribunal. On appeal, this Court agreed with the view taken by the High Court and the Tribunal. It held that the commission had accrued to the assessee on December 31, 1954 and December 31, 1955 and the fact that the payment was deferred till after the accounts had been passed in the meetings of the managed company did not affect the accrual of the income. It was held that since the assessee had chosen to give up unilaterally the amounts accrued to it, it could not escape the liability to tax on those grounds. Khanna,J., speaking for the three-Judge Bench made the following observations which are apposite to the issue concerned herein:
"The appellant-company admittedly
was maintaining its accounts
according to the mercantile system.
lt is well known that the
mercantile system of accounting
differs substantially from the cash
system of book-keeping. Under the
cash systems it is only- actual
cash receipts and actual cash
payments that are recorded as
credits and debits; whereas under
the mercantile system, credit
entries are made in respect of
amounts due immediately they become
legally due and before they are
actually received; similarly, the
expenditure items for which legal
liability has been incurred amounts
in question are actually disbursed.
Where accounts are kept on
mercantile basis, the profits or
gains are credited though trey are
not actually realised, and the
entries thus made really show
nothing more than an accrual or
arising of the said profits at the
material time. The same is the
position with regard to debits
made. (See Indermani Jatia y.
Commissioner of Income-tax [1959]
35 I.T.R.298; [1959] Suppl.1
S.C.R.45 (S.C.).....In the present
case, the amounts of income for the
two years in question were given up
unilaterally after they had accrued
to the appellant-company. As such,
the appellant could not escape the
tax liability for those amounts."
The learned Judge also quoted with approval certain observations made by Hidayatullah,J. [as he then was] in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Shoorji Vallabhdas & Co. [(1962) 46 I.T.R 144], which we shall refer to presently. The ratio of this decision clearly support the Revenue’s case.
In Birla Gwalior (P) Ltd., the facts are the following: the respondent, which was the managing agent of two companies, maintained its accounts on the mercantile system. It was entitled to an agreed managing agency commission and an office allowance from each of the managed companies. No date for payment of the commission was stipulated in the managing agency agreements. The accounting year of the respondent as well as the managed companies was the financial year. The respondent gave up the managing agency commission from both the managed companies for the Assessment Years 1954-55 to 1956-57, after the end of the relevant financial Years but before accounts were made up by the managed companies. It also gave up before the end of the relevant financial Years its office allowance from one of the managed companies for the Assessment Years 1955-56 and 1956-57. The Appellate Tribunal held that the commission given up was not the respondent’s real income and that since it was given up op grounds of commercial expediency, it was an allowable deduction under Section 10(2)(xv) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. In relation to office allowance, the Tribunal found that the financial position of the managed company was not sound during the relevant accounting years that it was necessary for the respondent to give up the office allowance in order to stabilise the finances of the managed company and because of the sacrifice made by the respondent the finances of the managed company improved and as a result the respondent was able to earn more profits in later years. On reference made under Section 66(2), the High Court opined that (1) the commission foregone by the respondent-assessee was not its real income. [On that basis, it declined to answer the question whether the amounts of the commission foregone were allowable as revenue expenditure under Section 10{2)(xv) of the 1922 Act] and (2) that the office allowance foregone was deductible as business expenditure under Section 10(2)(xv). On appeal, this Court affirmed the view taken by the High Court. We are, however, concerned only with the first answer given by the High Court. In our opinion, there is no contradiction or inconsistency between the holding in this case and the holding in Morvi Industries Limited. In this case, the important fact found was that the money became due to the assessee not at the end of the accounting year, but on the date the managed company made up its accounts. Indeed, no date was fixed in the agreement for payment of the commission and the assessee gave up its commission even before it accrued to it, i .e., before the managed company made up its account. It is for this reason, this Court held that the commission had not accrued to the assessee by or before the date it gave it up. Indeed, Hegde,J., speaking for himself and Khanna,J., specifically referred to the decision in Morvi Industries Limited and distinguished it on the above basis. We are, therefore, unable to agree with the High Court that by virtue of the decision of this Court in Birla Gwalior (P) Ltd., the principle of Morvi Industries Limited does not apply to the present case. The facts of the present case [with respect to three assessment years, viz., 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72] do squarely fall within the principle of Morvi Industries Limited.
In State Bank of Travancore v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Kerala [(1986) 158 I.T.R.102], the facts were the following: the appellant-Bank maintained its accounts on the basis of mercantile system. It was charging interest on the loans advanced by it. Some of the loans had become "sticky", i.e., their recovery had become extremely doubtful. The Bank, however, charged interest on these loans also, debiting the account of the concerned parties. But instead of carrying the interest amount to the profit and loss account, the appellant remitted the said interest amount to a separate account called "the Interest Suspense Account". In the course of its assessment, the Bank claimed that having regard to the poor financial condition of the said debtors and the poor chances of recovery of interest from them, the interest amount due from them was taken to the "Interest Suspense Account" to avoid showing inflated profits by including hypothetical and unreal income and further that the interest on such sticky advances was not its real Income and, hence, not taxable. Both the Tribunal and the High Court rejected the plea. On appeal, this Court, by majority, Sabyasachi Mukharji and Ranganath Misra,JJ., [Tulzapurkar,J. dissenting] affirmed the decision of the High Court. This Court held that the interest on sticky advances did accrue to the appellant-Bank according to the mercantile system of accounting and that, indeed, the appellant had debited the respective parties with interest. The appellant, however, did not chose to treat the debt as bad debts but carried the interest amount to the ’Interest Suspense Account". Mere crediting of the said interest amount to, what it called the "Interest Suspense Account", without treating it as a bad debt or irrecoverable interests was repugnant to Section 36 (1)(vii) and Section 32(3) of the Act and that the concept af real income does not help the appellant-Bank. It was observed that the concept of real income cannot he so read as to defeat the object and the provisions of the Act. Sabyasachi Mukharji,J., in his opinion, discussed all the relevant cases on the subject including Morvi Industries Limited and Birla Gwalior (P) Ltd. as well as the derision of this Court in Shoorji Vallabhdas & Co. and stated the proposition emerging therefrom in the following words:
"(1) It is the income which has
really accrued or arisen to the
assessee that is taxable. Whether
the income has really accrued or
arisen to the assessee must be
Judged in the light of the reality
of the situation. 12) The concept
of real income would apply where
there has been a surrender of
income which in theory may have
accrued but in the reality of the
situation, no income had resulted
because the income did not really
accrue. (3) Where a debt has become
bad, deduction in compliance with
the provisions of the Act should
be claimed and allowed. (4) Where
the Act applies, the concept of
real income should not be so read
as to defeat the provisions of the
Act. (5) If there is any diversion
of income at source under any
statute or by overriding title,
then there is no income to the
assessee.
(6) The conduct of the parties in
treating the income in a particular
manner is material evidence of the
fact whether income has accrued or
not. (7) Mere improbability of
recovery, where the conduct of the
assessee is unequivocal, cannot be
treated as evidence of the fact
that income has not resulted or
accrued to the assessee. After
debiting the debtor’s account and
not reversing that entry - but
taking the interest merely in
suspense account cannot be such
evidence to show that no real
income has accrued to the assessee
or been treated as such by the
assessee. (8) The concept of real
income is certainly applicable in
judging whether there has been
income or not but, in every case,
it must be applied with care and
within well-recognised limits."
To the argument of real income pressed with great persistence in that case, the learned Judge responded in the following words:
"We were invited to abandon legal
fundamentalism. With a problem like
the present one, it is better to
adhere to the basic fundamentals of
the law with clarity and
consistency than to be carried away
by common cliches. The concept of
real income certainly is a well-
accepted one and must be applied in
appropriate cases but with
circumspection and must not Be
called in aid to defeat the
fundamental principles of the law
of income-tax as developed."
We respectfully agree with the propositions as well as the observations of the learned Judge with respect to the plea of real income.
We may now deal with the decision in Shoorji Vallabhdas & Co., relied upon strongly by Sri Sharma, learned counsel for the respondent-assessee. The assessee-firm was the managing agent of two shipping companies. Under the managing agency agreement, the assessee was entitled to receive as commission ten percent of the freight charged. Between April 1, 1947 and December 31, 1947, a sum of Rs.1,71,885/- from one company and Rs.2,56,815/- from the other company became due to the assessee as commission at the aforesaid rate of ten percent. In the books of account of the assessee, these amounts were credited to itself and debited to the managing companies. But what happened even before December 31, 1947 is of relevance. In November 1947, the assessee desired to have the managing agency transferred to two private limited companies, Shoorji Vallabhdas Limited and Pratapsinh Limited, floated by the assessee-firm. Certain shareholders of the managed companies objected to the rate of commission and suggested that the commission should be either ten percent of the profits of the managed companies or 2 1/2 percent of the freight receipt. The board of directors of the Malabar Steamship Company agreed with the said suggestion and invited the assessee-firm to reduce its managing commission to 2 1/2 percent of the freight for that year as well as for the future years. The assessee accepted the said offer and agreed to voluntarily reduce its managing agency commission both in respect of that year as well as for the future years to 2 1/2 percent of the total freight. A similar procedure was followed in the case of the other managed company [New Dholera Steamships Limited]. On this basis, both the managed companies appointed the two private limited companies aforesaid as their managing agents at their extraordinary meeting held on December 30, 1947 - the appointment was to take effect from January 1, 1948. Subsequently, at the annual general meetings cf the two man managed companies held in December, 1948, the commission was reduced from ten percent of the freight to 2 1/2 percent as already agreed. The assessee accordingly gave up seventy five percent of its earnings during the aforesaid year of account [April 1, 1947 to December 1, 1947] and disclosed only the remaining twenty five percent amount as its income in its assessment proceedings. The Income Tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner held that the commission amount @ ten percent of the freight had already accrued to the assessee during the previous year ending on March 31, 1948 and since the assessee had given up seventy five percent of the said amount after such accrual, the whole of the commission amount, which was actually credited in the books of the assessee, is includible in its income. On appeal, there was a difference of opinion between the two members of the Tribunal. On reference to the President, he held that even though the actual reduction took place after the year of account was over, there was in fact an agreement to reduce the commission even during the currency of the accounting year and hence, it cannot be said that the larger income [@ ten percent] had accrued to the assessee-firm. Accordingly, the assessee’s appeal was allowed by the Tribunal. Thereupon, the following two questions were referred to the High Court under Section 66, viz.:
"(1) Whether the two sums of
Rs.1,36,903 and Rs.2,00,625 are
income of the ’previous year’ ended
March 31,1948?
(2) If the answer to the first
question is in the affirmative,
whether they represent an item of
expenditure permissible under the
provisions of section 10(2)(xv) of
the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, in
computing the assessee’s income of
that ’previous year’ from its
managing agency business?"
The High Court agreed with the view taken by the President of the Tribunal and answered the first question in the negative, i.e., in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue. It declined to express any opinion on the second question. This Court affirmed the approach adopted by the President of the Tribunal and the High Court. It pointed out:
"Here too, the agreements within
the previous year replaced the
earlier agreements, and altered the
rate in such a way as to make the
income different from what had been
entered in the books of account. A
mere book-keeping entry cannot be
income, unless income has actually
resultad, and in the present case,
by the change of the terms the
income which accrued and was
received consisted of the lesser
amounts and not the larger. This
was not a gift by the assessee firm
to the managed companies. The
reduction was a part of the
agreement entered into by the
assessee firm to secure a long-term
managing agency arrangement for the
two companies which it had
floated."
Hidayatullah,J., speaking for himself and J.C.Shah,J., observed that the facts of the case before them was identical to the facts of the case in Commissioner of Income Tax v. Chamanlal Mangaldas & Co. [(1960) 39 I.T.R.8] and that the principle of the said decision squarely applied to the facts of the case before them. In the course of the judgment, thy learned Judge observed:
"Income-tax is a levy on income. No
doubt, the Income-tax Act takes
into account two points of time at
which the liability to tax is
attracted, viz., the accrual of the
income or its receipt; but the
substance of the matter is the
income. If income does not result
at all, there cannot be a tax, even
though in book-keeping, an entry is
made about a ’hypothetical income’,
which does not materialise. Where
income has, in fact, been received
and is subsequently given up in
such circumstances that it remains
the income of the recipient, even
though given up, the tax may be
payable. Where, however, the income
can be said not to have resulted at
all, there is obviously neither
accrual nor receipt of income, even
though an entry to that effect
might, in certain circumstances,
have been made in the books of
account. This is exactly what has
happened in this case, as it
happened in the Bombay case
[Commissioner of Income-tax v.
Chamanlal Mangaldas & Co. (1956) 29
I.T.R.987), which was approved by
this court."
We may also mention that when this case was cited before this Court in State Bank of Travancore, it has been distinguished on the basis of the above fact, viz., that the agreement to give up seventy five percent of the commission was arrived at during the relevant previous year itself, i.e., before the close of the previous year and, therefore, what accrued to the assessee at the end of the relevant previous year was the commission at 2 1/2 percent of the freight alone and not @ ten percent. It cannot, therefore, be said that this case lays down any principle contrary to the one enunciated in Morvi Industries Limited. Since the facts of the case in Chamanlal Mangaldas & Co. are identical to the facts in Shoorji Vallabhdas & Co., we do not think it necessary to refer to the facts of that case separately.
Sri G.C.Sharma submitted that applying the real income theory, it must be held that no interest had really accrued to or received by the assessee for the said three assessment years [1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72] and that indeed, no such entries were made in the account books of the assessee. He submitted that, as a fact, no income was received and that the assessee cannot be asked to pay tax on income which it had not received. We answer this contention by repeating the words of Sabyasachi Mukharji, J. in State Bank of Travancore, which we have extracted hereinabove. The concept of real income cannot be employed so as to defeat the provisions of the Act and the Rules. Where the provisions of the Act and the Rules apply and followed. There is no roomnor would be permissible for the court - to import the concept of real income so as to whittle down, qualify or defeat the provisions of the Act and the Rules.
For the above reasons, the appeals relating to Assessment Years 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72 [in the case of Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co.] are allowed and the appeal relating to Assessment Year 1968-69 [in the case of Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co.] is dismissed as not pressed. For the same reasons, the other appeals are allowed. The judgment of the High Court in all these matters [except with respect to the Assessment Year 1968-69 in the case of Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co.] is set aside. The questions referred to are answered in favour of the Revenue and against the assessee [except in the appeal relating to Assessment Year 1968-69 in the case of Shiv Prakash Janak Raj & Co.].
There shall be no order as to costs.