Leave granted.
2.The present appeal arises out of impugned order dated 09.04.2019 passed in Application U/S 482 No.6543/2003 by the High Court of Allahabad dismissing the application preferred by SignaturetheNot Verified accused-appellants under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal NEETU SACHDEVA 2.1 Vide the impugned Order, the High Court refused to quash the Criminal Complaint Case No.627 of 2002 titled, “Balram v. Kodai & Ors.” under Sections 419, 420, 467, 468 and 471 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (“hereinafter, “IPC”) pending before the Court of the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Basti.
3.Burdened by the fear of his estate being jeopardized and trammeled by the alcoholic obsessions of his third son-Ashish Kumar, one Shri Ram Baksh Dubey (since deceased) (hereinafter, “testator”) executed an unregistered will dated 23.12.1993 bequeathing all his movable and immoveable properties in the name of his four daughters-in-law as his legatees, who, naturally, are the respective wives of testator’s four sons and are also the accused-appellants herein. The facts of the case can be crystallized as under: 3.1 The testator had four sons, namely Chandra Sekhar, Chandra Prakash, Ashish Kumar and Rajesh Kumar. In Village Dewaragangabarar, the testator had one-half share in Land Nos.416, 639, 640, 618, 643, 656, 632, 656/9, 686, 694. 3.2 Apprehensive that his third son-Ashish Kumar will waste the estate to his intoxicating compulsions and vices, the testator bequeathed all his moveable and immoveable properties in the name of his four daughters-in-law as his legatees. The testator recorded in his will the intent to ensure that his land and property are not jeopardized, and his daughters-in-law and grandchildren are not deprived of it. To that end, the testator bequeathed his property to his daughters-in-law, who, the will notes, helped him and cared for him. 3.3 The testator passed away on 03.01.1994. Soon thereafter, his third son-Ashish Kumar executed a registered sale deed on 25.04.1994 for his share in testator’s property in favour of Complainant-Respondent No.1. 3.4 It is the case of the accused-appellants that they, unaware of the registered sale deed dated 25.04.1994, filed for Mutation in, inter alia, Case No.1207 under Section 34 of the Land Revenue Act, 1901 on the basis of the will dated 23.12.1993 and a favourable Mutation Order was passed on 27.09.1994 by the Tehsildar, Harraiya. 3.5 As the complainant-respondent No.1 continuously interfered with the peaceful possession of the accused-appellants, they preferred O.S. No.588 of 1997 on 29.07.1997 before the learned Civil Judge Junior Division, Basti seeking a decree of permanent injunction against the complainant-respondent no.1 herein over the disputed land. Vide Order dated 30.07.1997, the trial court passed an ex-parte ad-interim order against the defendant therein restraining him from carrying out any type of construction on the disputed property and not to cut the crop on the disputed land. 3.6 Aggrieved by the interim order of the trial court, the respondent filed objections against the Mutation Order dated 27.09.1994 along with an application seeking the recall of the same based on the Sale Deed executed on 25.04.1994. However, vide order dated 09.01.1998, the objections raised by complainant-respondent No.1 were rejected for non-prosecution. 3.7 Subsequently, on 12.01.2001, complainant-respondent No.1 filed an application under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. alleging that Chandra Prakash – one of the sons of the testator – had entered into a conspiracy with accused-appellants and forged a fraudulent unregistered will after the death of the testator with the intention to circumvent the sale deed dated 25.04.1994 executed by Ashish Kumar in favour of the respondents. 3.8 On 09.09.2001, the Investigation Officer submitted his report stating that the complainant had no papers of the said land and the civil case in respect of disputed land is pending before the Tehsildar, Harraiya. Upon receipt of the police report and on objections to it by the complainant-respondent No. 1, the learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate-II, Basti vide order dated 18.09.2001 directed registration of the application under Section 156(3) Cr.P.C. as a complaint case which was thereafter numbered Complaint Case No.627 of 2002. The order notes that in support of the application, the receipt of registration, copy of the sale deed, copy of the will and copy of the khatauni were filed. The complainant was examined under Section 200 Cr.P.C. and his father-Sripat and Om Prakash were examined as PW1 and PW2. Having found a prima facie case made out against the accusedappellants, summons were issued on 23.10.2002 returnable on 27.11.2002. 3.9 Aggrieved by the registration of the complaint case and issuance of summons, the accused-appellants preferred Application U/S. 482 Cr.P.C. No. 6543/2003 before the Allahabad High Court seeking quashing of the Criminal Complaint Case No.627/2002 and the summons issued thereunder. It was, inter alia, argued by the accused-appellants before the High Court that neither the will dated 23.12.1993 nor the order of the Tehsildar dated 09.01.1998 rejecting the objection to the Mutation Order have been challenged. 3.10 During the pendency of the application before the High Court, the complainant-respondent No.1 filed a counter-claim in O.S. No.588/1997 preferred by the accused-appellants. However, on 22.09.2007, the learned Addl. Civil Judge (Junior Division), Basti ordered that the suit was liable to be proceeded against complainant-respondent No.1 herein ex-parte and that the counter-claim was liable to be rejected for want of prosecution by complainant-respondent. 3.11 After a period of sixteen years since institution, the application filed by the accused-appellants seeking quashing of the complaint case was dismissed vide Impugned Order dated 09.04.2019. The High Court took the view that the allegations clearly satisfy the ingredients of offences under Sections 419, 420, 467, 468, and 471 IPC and that the question whether the document is forged or not is a matter to be examined in the inquiry and not at this stage. Having found no miscarriage of justice, the High Court found no reason to interfere and resultantly, dismissed the application.
4.Hence, this appeal.
5.On 08.11.2019, this Court issued notice in the special leave petition and stayed further proceedings in Case No.672/02 pending before the CJM, Basti.
6.During the course of submissions, Sri Tripurari Ray, learned counsel for the accused-appellant contended that this is not a case where any of the ingredients for the alleged offences under Sections 419, 420, 467, 468, and 471 of the IPC are even prima facie present. It was contended that the circumstances make it apparent that the criminal proceedings were initiated only to abuse the process of law with the oblique aim of settling the civil disputes between the parties. 6.1 Furthermore, it was contended that the High Court failed to appreciate that the Mutation Order in favour of the appellants was passed after granting full opportunity to the complainantrespondent No.1 and that once the objections filed by the complainant-respondent No.1 were dismissed, no further proceedings were initiated. Similarly, as no further proceedings were ever initiated challenging the rejection of the counter-claim, the order rejecting the counter-claim had attained finality. 6.2 Reliance was placed on the decisions of this Court in Prof. R.K. Vijayasarathy v. Sudha Seetharam, (2019) 16 SCC 739 (“R.K. Vijayasarathy”) and Anand Kumar Mohatta & Anr. V. State (NCT of Delhi), (2019) 11 SCC 706 (“Anand Kumar Mohatta”), to contend that the High Court should have been vigilant enough and exercised its inherent powers under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. to quash proceedings that are essentially of a civil nature but have been given the disguise of a criminal offence with a veiled object.
7.Per contra, it was argued by Sri D.P. Singh Yadav, learned counsel on behalf of complainant-respondent No.1 that the High Court was correct in observing that the allegations in the complaint clearly satisfied the ingredients of the offences under Sections 419, 420, 467, 468 and 471 of the IPC and that the question of ascertaining the veracity of forgery is subject to determination by trial. It was therefore argued that the High Court had rightly construed the dispute to be of a criminal nature and refused to quash the complaint case.
8.We have heard learned counsel for the respective parties at
length and perused the material on record. We have given our
thorough consideration to the arguments advanced at the bar in
light of the material on record.
8.1 At the outset, we may place reliance on the seminal judgment
of this Court in the case of State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal,
1992 Supp (1) SCC 335 (“Bhajan Lal”) with particular reference
to paragraph ‘102’ therein and sub-paras 1, 3, 5 and 7, which read
as under:
“102. (1) Where the allegations made in the first
information report or the complaint, even if they are taken
at their face value and accepted in their entirety do not
prima facie constitute any offence or make out a case
against the accused.
***
(3) Where the uncontroverted allegations made in the FIR
or complaint and the evidence collected in support of the
same do not disclose the commission of any offence and
make out a case against the accused.
***
(5) Where the allegations made in the FIR or complaint are
so absurd and inherently improbable on the basis of which
no prudent person can ever reach a just conclusion that
there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the
accused.
***
(7) Where a criminal proceeding is manifestly attended
with mala fide and/or where the proceeding is maliciously
instituted with an ulterior motive for wreaking vengeance
on the accused and with a view to spite him due to private
and personal grudge.”
8.2 On perusal of the record, it is noted that based on the
complaint filed by complainant-respondent No.1, a complaint case
No. 627/2002 was registered against the appellants under
Sections 419, 420, 467, 468 and 471 of the IPC. For ease of
reference, the aforesaid Sections are extracted as under:
“419. Punishment for cheating by personation.-
Whoever cheats by personation shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may
extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.
420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of
property.- Whoever cheats and thereby dishonestly
induces the person deceived to deliver any property to any
person, or to make, alter or destroy the whole or any part
of a valuable security, or anything which is signed or
sealed, and which is capable of being converted into a
valuable security, shall be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to seven
years, and shall also be liable to fine.
467. Forgery of valuable security, will etc.- Whoever
forges a document which purports to be a valuable
security or a will, or an authority to adopt a son, or which
purports to give authority to any person to make or
transfer any valuable security, or to receive the principal,
interest or dividends thereon, or to receive or deliver any
money, movable property, or valuable security, or any
document purporting to be an acquittance or receipt
acknowledging the payment of money, or an acquittance
or receipt for the delivery of any movable property or
valuable security, shall be punished with [imprisonment
for life], or with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to ten years, and also be liable to
fine.
468. Forgery for purpose of cheating.- Whoever commits
forgery, intending that the [document or electronic record
forged] shall be used for the purpose of cheating, shall be
punished with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be
liable to fine.
471. Using as genuine a forged document or electronic
record.- Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as
genuine any document or electronic record which he
knows or has reason to believe to be a forged document or
electronic record, shall be punished in the same manner
as if he had forged such document or electronic record.”
8.3 Upon giving our thorough consideration to the arguments
advanced at the bar, we fail to understand as to how the
allegations against the appellants herein who are only legatees
under the Will in question, could be sustained in light of the
material on record.
8.4 The allegations against the accused-appellants, in sum and
substance, are that they entered into a conspiracy with other
individuals to fabricate a forged will after the death of the testator
that was then used to circumvent the sale deed dated 25.04.1994.
8.5 Upon appreciating the facts and circumstances, we do not
find that the offences aforementioned are made out in the present
case. Neither do we find any criminal breach of trust nor do we find
any cheating by impersonation. We also do not find any cheating
and dishonestly inducing delivery of property. In these
circumstances, we fail to see how it could be alleged that the
accused-appellants cheated and dishonestly induced the
complainant-respondent No.1.
8.6 It is writ large on the face of the record that the complaint
case has been employed as a circuitous tool to abuse the process
of law, especially after the complainant-respondent No.1 failed to
pursue the remedies available to it. The chronology of events
indicates that the criminal proceedings in the year 2001 were
instituted only after approximately seven years of the mutation
order dated 27.09.1994, four years after the ex-parte ad-interim
order issued on 30.07.1997 and three years after the rejection of
the objections to the Mutation Order vide Order dated 09.01.1998.
8.7 In this regard, our attention was drawn to paras 42-44 and
46 of Inder Mohan Goswami vs. State of Uttaranchal, (2007)
12 SCC 1, dealing with Sections 420 and 467 IPC, which are
extracted hereunder:
“42. On a reading of the aforesaid section, it is manifest
that in the definition there are two separate classes of acts
which the person deceived may be induced to do. In the
first class of acts he may be induced fraudulently or
dishonestly to deliver property to any person. The second
class of acts is the doing or omitting to do anything which
the person deceived would not do or omit to do if he were
not so deceived. In the first class of cases, the inducing must be fraudulent or dishonest. In the second class of acts, the inducing must be intentional but need not be fraudulent or dishonest. Therefore, it is the intention which is the gist of the offence. To hold a person guilty of cheating it is necessary to show that he had a fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making the promise. From his mere failure to subsequently keep a promise, one cannot presume that he all along had a culpable intention to break the promise from the beginning.
43. We shall now deal with the ingredients of Section 467 IPC. …
44. The following ingredients are essential for commission of the offence under Section 467 IPC:
1. the document in question so forged;
2. the accused who forged it;
3. the document is one of the kinds enumerated
in the aforementioned section.
x x x
46. The court must ensure that criminal prosecution is not used as an instrument of harassment or for seeking private vendetta or with an ulterior motive to pressurise the accused. On analysis of the aforementioned cases, we are of the opinion that it is neither possible nor desirable to lay down an inflexible rule that would govern the exercise of inherent jurisdiction. Inherent jurisdiction of the High Courts under Section 482 CrPC though wide has to be exercised sparingly, carefully and with caution and only when it is justified by the tests specifically laid down in the statute itself and in the aforementioned cases. In view of the settled legal position, the impugned judgment cannot be sustained.”
(underlining by us)
8.8 This Court, in Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia vs.
Sambhajirao Chandrojirao Angre, (1988) 1 SCC 692,
(Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia) reasoned that the criminal
process cannot be utilized for any oblique purpose. This Court also
observed that the court should quash those criminal cases where
the chances of an ultimate conviction are bleak and no useful
purpose is likely to be served by continuation of a criminal
prosecution.
8.9 In R.K. Vijayasarathy, this Court held that while exercising
powers under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C, a High Court can examine
whether a matter which is essentially of a civil nature has been
given a cloak of a criminal offence. Recently, in Vishal Noble
Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 2024 SCC OnLine SC 1680,
this Court held that courts have to be vigilant to ensure that the
machinery of criminal justice is not misused for achieving oblique
motives and agendas. Tacitly endorsing such misuse only
unnecessarily burdens the courts and the criminal justice system.
In Anand Kumar Mohatta, this Court, whilst quashing the FIR
and chargesheet therein, highlighted the following words of this
Court in State of Karnataka v. L. Muniswamy, (1977) 2 SCC
699, that describe the fundamental principle for exercise of powers
under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C.:
“7. … In the exercise of this wholesome power, the High
Court is entitled to quash a proceeding if it comes to the
conclusion that allowing the proceeding to continue would
be an abuse of the process of the Court or that the ends of
justice require that the proceeding ought to be quashed.
The saving of the High Court's inherent powers, both in
civil and criminal matters, is designed to achieve a
salutary public purpose which is that a court proceeding
ought not to be permitted to degenerate into a weapon of
harassment or persecution. In a criminal case, the veiled
object behind a lame prosecution, the very nature of the
material on which the structure of the prosecution rests
and the like would justify the High Court in quashing the
proceeding in the interest of justice.”
(underlining by us)
9.On a careful consideration of the aforementioned judicial dicta, we find that none of the offences alleged against the accusedappellants herein are made out. The instant case is just another one in a string of cases filed in recent years that seek to disguise a civil dispute as criminal. The complaint case against the accusedappellants has been pending for over two decades and its continuation would not serve any purpose. The observations made by this Court in Madhavrao Jiwajirao Scindia inform our decision and the judgment of this Court in the case of Bhajan Lal and particularly sub-paragraphs 1, 3, 5 and 7 of paragraph 102 extracted above, squarely apply to the facts of this case. In our view, it is in the interest of justice that present proceedings be quashed.
10.In the circumstances, the impugned order of the High Court is set-aside and consequently, the proceedings in Complaint Case No.627 of 2002 pending before the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Basti stand quashed. Needless to state, any observations made herein shall not have a bearing on any civil proceedings, if any, pending between the parties. The appeal is allowed in the aforesaid terms. (B. V. NAGARATHNA) (K.V. VISWANATHAN) NEW DELHI; JULY 31, 2025